Gas hydrates презентация

layers have temperature lower than 0 C at 400 m and even 600 m depth and where gas-hydrates fields may exist.
- I.N.Strijev, I.E.Khodanovitch “Dobitcha gaza", 1946 , p. 349
The possibility of gas-hydrate existenceat the natural conditions was shown in the experimental works that were carried out in Gubkin State University in 1969.
It was a scientific discovery
The Authors are Yu.F.Makagon, F.A.Trebin, V.G.Vasiliev, N.V.Charskyi, A.A.Trofimuk

the peaks the polyhedrons. The edges are the hydrogen links. Eulerian equation for this kind so called convex polyhedrons: V + F + T + 2 V – the number of peaks, F – number of planes, Е- number of edges

sediments characterized by well-known pressure and temperature conditions, meaning that exploration activities can be strictly limited to specific zones

the left of the red phase boundary) in nominal marine (A) and permafrost (B) cases

from laboratory studies and modeling using numerical simulators. However, these simulations and modeling efforts utilize real data from the field or production test data, such as that obtained from the Mt. Elbert project on the North Slope of Alaska, the Mallik production test in Canada, and borehole information from suspected hydrate accumulations in the deepwater GOM. The short-term tests at Mt. Elbert and Mallik have answered many questions, while raising many more that can only be addressed by a series of long-term production tests in a variety of settings.

6 nm SG 30 nm SG 100 nm SG
mean particle diameter (μm) 150 to 250 40 to 75 40 to 75
mean pore diameter (nm) 5.51 30.1 94.5
specific pore volume (m3/kg) 8.4×10-4 8.4×10-4 8.3×10-4
specific surface area (m2/kg) 586×103 94.9×103 42.4×103

As a porous material, spherical
silica gels of nominal pore diameter 6 nm, 30 nm, and 100 nm
were selected and purchased from Aldrich (6 nm) and Silicycle
(30 nm and 100 nm), respectively. All the materials were used
without further treatment. The properties of silica gels having 6
and 30 nm pore diameters were measured by nitrogen
adsorption/desorption experiments with ASAP 2400
(Micrometrics), and those of 100 nm pore diameter by mercury
intrusion

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA GEL SAMPLES
Sample Name 6 nm SG 30 nm SG 100 nm SG
mean particle diameter (μm) 150 to 250 40 to 75 40 to 75
mean pore diameter (nm) 5.51 30.1 94.5
specific pore volume (m3/kg) 8.4×10-4 8.4×10-4 8.3×10-4
specific surface area (m2/kg) 586×103 94.9×103 42.4×103

in the evaluation process, the estimate of undiscovered in-place gas hydrate is expressed as a cumulative probability distribution, where a specified volume or more of resources corresponds to a probability of occurrence. The low estimate corresponds to the 95th percentile value of the distribution, the mean estimate corresponds to the statistical average of all values in the distribution, and the high estimate corresponds to the 5th percentile value of the distribution. As in most stochastic resource assessments, and certainly in one where a new methodology has been developed and deployed, the reader is encouraged to view the mean estimate as the expected value.

input-output analysis. Inputs are the mass of organic carbon available for conversion to methane, the volume of rock that possesses the physical and chemical conditions required to contain hydrates, and the fraction of that rock volume that constitutes effective void space into which hydrates can concentrate. While there are other possible methodologies, mass balance has two important advantages: it is transparent and allows extreme variable disaggregation. Therefore, as new and better information about total organic carbon in sediments, or heat flow or an improved formulation of hydrate phase relationships becomes available, the system can be easily updated.

is divided into a grid of 202,079 cells, each 2.32 km2. The mass balance analysis is applied to each cell, providing a level of spatial resolution that supports detailed mapping. The spatial distributions of in-place methane hydrates, both in absolute geographic space and its relative spatial distribution (e.g., clustering), have a critical impact on the fraction that will be technically and, ultimately, economically recoverable.

quantities and are assigned probability distributions. In some cases, parameters of these distributions are also treated as uncertain quantities. Consequently, key output variables are also uncertain quantities with probability distributions determined jointly by model structure and these probability distributions.

Fire in the Ice, US Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, 6(3), p. 5-7. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/publications/hydrates/2009Reports/FITI06_Pyramid.pdf
http://ru.wikipedia.org
Kang S., Ryu H., Seo Y. Phase Behavior of CO2 and CH4 Hydrate in Porous Media. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2007 http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v33/v33-37.pdf
Preliminary Evaluation of In-Place Gas Hydrate Resources: Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf U.S. Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service Resource Evaluation Division February 1, 2008 http://www.boemre.gov/revaldiv/GasHydrateFiles/MMS2008-004.pdf
Sloan, E.D., Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1998.