Patterns of Evolution презентация

changes that take place over long periods of time.
Microevolution- Small scale changes within a species to produce new varieties or species in a relatively short amount of time.

the same basic processes
The difference is largely one of approach and scale
Each offers different insights into the evolution process

a longer (geological) time period
3. Occurs at or above the level of species in separated gene pools
4. Consists of extended
microevolution

Microevolution
1. Small-scale changes in gene frequencies
2. Occurs over a few generations
3. Occurs within a species or population in same gene pool
4. Refers to smaller
evolutionary changes

based on
remnants of the past
7. More controversial
8. Example: Birds from reptiles

Microevolution
5. Observable
6. Evidence produced
by experimentation
7. Less controversial
8. Example: Bacterial
resistance to
antibiotics

and distinctive. This is a common example of microevolution—changes in size, shape, and color—or minor genetic alterations.  It is not macroevolution: an upward, beneficial increase in complexity. 

Macroevolution/Microevolution

Punctuated Equilibrium

These are theories/models of evolution

at the same time. 
Period in which huge numbers of species disappeared.
Whole ecosystems were wiped out
Left habitats/niches open
Resulted in burst of evolution of new species in new habitat
Disrupted energy flow throughout the biosphere and caused food webs to collapse

a particular way of life, into many diverse species, each adapted to a different habitat
Many new species diversify from a common ancestor .
The branching out of a population through variation.
The new species live in different ways than the original species did.

similarities when adapting to similar environments, or ecological niches
Analogous structures are a result of this process

the North American cacti...and in the euphorbias in Southern Africa

in response to changes in each other
They are closely connected to one another by ecological interactions (have a symbiotic relationship) including:
Predator/prey
Parasite/host
Plant/pollinator
Each party exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each others' evolution

so that both have become dependent on each other for survival.

and eats pests that are attracted to and feed on the plant, so it protects the plant.