International and Comparative Education. Academic Writing презентация

2016

Institute of International Education
Stockholm University

Masters’s Degree Program 2016-2018
Autumn Semester 2016 Course

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such as journalistic or creative writing.
An academic argument appeals to logic and provides evidence in support of an intellectual position
Present your arguments in logical order and to arrive at conclusions
In academic writing, writers always interact with each others’ texts and so there will be frequent references to the ideas, thinking or research of other authors writing in this field
give credit to those with whom you are interacting and there are structured guidelines for referencing and citation
the author takes a critical approach to the material being explored (Crème & Lea, 2003 & Borg, 2008)

Source: Academic Writing and Citation Support (2016)

an outline

Start writing
Factor in time to gather, absorb and plan your arguments before composing text
Formulate clear aim/objectives of the paper
Intertextuality: Making connections between texts and putting forward your own understanding

After finalizing the assignment
Go through the assignment for fine-tuning (formatting, language check etc.)

Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing

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following with (sub) headings numbered. Each paper should develop detailed (sub) headings

Title page
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
List of Tables/Figures

Main text may include (page numbers to be inserted)
Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.3 Method
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Limitations of the Study

2. Key concepts and/or theories
3. Presentation of the results
4. Analysis/Discussion
5. Concluding Remarks or Summary
6. Reference list for the literature used
7. Appendix
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing

An example

The Course Paper should be within 3000-4000 words

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find most difficult concerning writing a course paper topic?

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scholarly knowledge:
Re-confirming existing theory, developing new theory, critical analysis of existing theory
2. Consistency following rules, rigid structure
Efficient communication of scientific findings to the broader community of scientists in a uniform manner
3. Plagiarism (use of other words and ideas without citation) is unethical
4. Structure logical sentences and avoid using colloquial language

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behavioral scientists to standardize scientific writing

APA Style is used for
term papers
research reports
emperical studies
literature reviews
theoretical articles
methodological articles and
case studies

Resources on apastyle.org
Learning resources: http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx
Includes links to free tutorials

Free tutorials
The Basics of APA Style resourceshttp://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/index.htm?_ga=1.150155638.1577109340.1472547772

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Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing

APA publication manual style -Harvard style -Chicago manual style -etc. Consistency is important! Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing

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or similar font
1 inch margins, 1 1/2 inch for the left hand margin (Journal submissions call for 1 inch margins all around)
Number pages consecutively
Indent the first line of each paragraph by five spaces (tab button)

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Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing

the work of others in your assignments is important

By referencing correctly you will:
Protect yourself against accusations of plagiarism
Demonstrate that you have read widely
Show your understanding of a topic
Support you arguments with published research
Fosters RESPECT for collegial knowledge

If you do not reference correctly you may commit plagiarism, which is seen as an academic misconduct and subjects you to penalities.
Source: Dr. Mikiko Cars (2014) Lecture Series on Academic Writing

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you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
Note: In course papers there should really only be one long quotation.


Long quotations: Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). 

Jones's (1998) study found the following:  Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to
the  fact that many students failed to purchase
a style  manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

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significantly altered from the original to avoid issues of plagiarism (just changing a couple of words is not enough)
Paraphrases relate to specific sections of a work, so it is a good practice to include the page number as you would do with a direct quotation

Effectively preparing patients by dealing with questions, setting goals and making the patient feel involved in their care can significantly reduce postoperative anxiety and may have a positive impact on their subsequent recovery (Lees, 2010, p.11).

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of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.
one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.
a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...
it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.
it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.
the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original
Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1/

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our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.

Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/1

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in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).

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Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016

in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
(Wegener & Petty, 1994)
A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.
(Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
(Kernis et al., 1993)
Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.
(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.
Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016

Referencing

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in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.
Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Also, try to locate the original material and cite the original source.

Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.
Kenneth (2000) explained...

Sources Without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use the Find function in their browser to locate any passages you cite.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of Web pages you print out; different computers print Web pages with different pagination.
Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016

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for printed articles. Include all information the online host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Chapter/Section of a Web Document or Online Book Chapter
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides
When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word document).
Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory [PDF document]. Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ501/Hallam/index.html

Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016

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references
List in alphabetical order by author, do not separate into different types of work
List only the material you have cited directly in your assignment

Bibliography. Lists all the material you have read, whether cited in your assignment or not.

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entry. Correct them and check your answers.

1. Brett, P. 1994. A genre analysis of the results sections of sociology articles. English for Specific Purposes, 13, 47-59.
Bridgeman, B., & Carlson, S. B. Survey of academic writing tasks. Written Communication, 1, 247-280.
Campbell, A. F. (1983). Organise your English. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Clyne, M. (1983). Culture and discourse structure. In Smith L. E.(Ed.), Readings in English as an international language (pp. 163-167). London: Prentice Hall.
Collinson, D. J. (1982). Writing English. Wildwood House.
Dudley-Evans, A. (1984). "A preliminary investigation of the writing of dissertation titles". In G.
James (Ed.), The ESP classroom: Methodology, materials and expectations (pp. 40-46). Exeter: University of Exeter.
Cookson, L. (1984). Writing. London: Hutchinson.
Grellet, F. (1981). Developing reading skills. Cambridge.
Hamp-Lyons, L. & K. B. Courter (1984). Research matters. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Hamp-Lyons, L. & Heasley, B. (1987). Study writing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.comAmerican Dietetic Association. (2004). EatRight.org Home Page. Retrieved June16, 2004.
Fitzgibbon, M. and Stolley, M. (2000, December). Minority women: The untold story. In
NOVA Online: Dying to be thin. Retrieved June 27, 2004,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/thin/minorities.html


Source: Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2016

Libraries Retrieved from
http://libguides.tru.ca/c.php?g=194062&p=1277340
Fitzmaurice, M &O’Farrell, C (n.d.) Developing your academic writing skills: A Handbook Academic Practice & eLearning Trinity College Dublin Retrieved fromhttps://www.tcd.ie/CAPSL/readysteadywrite/AcademicWritingHandbook.pdf
Purdue Online Writing Lab (2016) APA Style Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

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