Noncommunicable Diseases and Conditions (NCDs)
are the Greatest Threat to Sustainable Healthcare
[Challenge was issued for an invited paper for a
special issue of the physics journal ENTROPY]
Domains of Life
Genomes
First
~ 25,000 genes
Approximately
90% microbial
by cell number
Second
~ 10 million genes
Superorganism
Mammalian
Microbial
Eukaryotes
Crisp et al. Genome Biology 2015, 16:50
New examples of horizontally transferred genes were recently identified in humans.
Apparently, our second genome can become part of our first genome.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine can be used to differentiate celiac disease from irritable bowel syndrome based on distinctive microbiome-produced metabolites.
Bezerra de Araujo Filho et al. Archaea. 2014 Oct 13;2014:576249.
Children living near a sanitary landfill had elevated breath
methane correlated with elevated methane producing Archaea
in the gut microbiome (unrelated to socio economic status).
Cliff, the original C. Difficile detection dog
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2247688/Meet-Cliff-remarkable-super-sniffing-dog-detects-hospital-superbugs.html
Ramifications of Self Incompleteness
e.g., Clarke et el.,
Minireview: Gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ.
Mol Endocrinol. 2014 Aug;28(8):1221-38.
Brown JM, Hazen SL. The gut microbial endocrine organ:
bacterially derived signals driving cardiometabolic diseases.
Annu Rev Med. 2015 Jan 14;66:343-59.
Evans et al. The gut microbiome: the role of a virtual organ in
the endocrinology of the host.
J Endocrinol. 2013 Aug 28;218(3):R37-47.
Non-Communicable Diseases Cluster Together
Birth:
Vaginal
vs.
Cesarean
healthy
microbiome
seeding
plan
feeding
the
microbiota
for optimized
immune and microbial
co-maturation
Risk of
future
generations
for
various
immune
dysfunction-
promoted
NCDs
Perinatal Period
Heavy metals (e.g., cadmium, lead, arsenic)
Other metals (iron, selenium, zinc)
PCBs (Choi et al., EHP 2013)
Particulate matter (PM10) (Kish et al. PloS One 2013)
Chlopyrifos (Joly et al, ESPRI, 2013)
High fat diet (Myles et al. Plos One 2014)
Valproate (de Theije et al. Brain Behav Immun 2013)
Antibiotics (Ng et al., Nature 2013)
Vitamin D (Ooi et al., J.Nutr 2013)
Adapted from: Dietert and Silbergeld, Toxicol. Sci. in press, April 2015 print issue
Microbiome
Qualifications: I am not a MD. This is my personal
story and it is not intended to be nor is it
medical advice.
Image via:
The Alexander
Fleming
Laboratory
Museum
and
Smithsonian
exhibition
The microbiome and sustainable healthcare (2015)
http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/3/1/100
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/amed/2014/867805/
Programming of the immune system for non-communicable diseases (2014)
http://microbirth.com/
Microbirth movie site: Note for all Cornell people,
the movie is freely-available for streaming from Kanopy via the Cornell Library site.
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/118/8/ehp.1001971.pdf
Clusters of non-communicable diseases (free PDF)
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