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Me phonology. Me morphology. (Lecture 3) презентация
Содержание
- 1. Me phonology. Me morphology. (Lecture 3)
- 2. I. Main historical events of the ME
- 3. Middle English (1066-1485) 1066 the Norman Conquest.
- 4. 1066 the Norman Conquest The new
- 5. French was used in official documents, court;
- 6. 1204 King John Lackland lost Normandy to
- 7. The Black Death (the Plague. 1348-1351); By
- 8. War of the Roses (1455-1485), York
- 9. ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect.
- 10. In England the new standard language
- 11. ME vowel system. General characteristics. French influence:
- 12. Shortening the vowels are shortened before 2
- 13. Shortening A long vowel is shortened before
- 14. Lengthening in the 13th c. short vowels
- 15. Qualitative changes: Dialect Changes OE hlāf ME lāf (Northen) ME lōf (other dialects)
- 16. Y,y (long and short) OE
- 17. å (nasal, before “m”, “n”) OE
- 18. Æ (short) OE wæs ME wes
- 19. Æ (long) OE slæpan – ME slēpen
- 20. Levelling of unstressed vowels All unstressed vowels
- 21. New diphthongs arose during the transition from
- 22. French loanwords supplied the inventory with the
- 23. ME Morphology The ME period is marked
- 24. Reasons for these changes: the mixing of
- 25. ME Noun The number of declensions was
- 26. In PDE we still have a
- 27. The number of cases was reduced to two: Common and Genitive.
- 28. The grammatical categories of the Noun: the
- 29. The category of Gender a shift from 'grammatical' to 'natural' gender;
- 30. The Definite Article In OE the DA
- 31. The Verb Old English marked two tenses
- 32. The principle of analogy— the tendency of
- 33. Classes of ME Verbs At a
- 34. The two key changes which affected ME
- 35. The ME Verbal System In ME the
- 36. The Future Tense The future tense
- 37. The Perfect Tenses and Passive Forms The
- 38. The Continuous Tenses The Continuous tenses, formed
- 39. By the end of ME the
- 40. ME Syntax As the inflectional system decayed,
- 41. Word-order became more important: S-V-O word-order became
I. Main historical events of the ME period. II. ME dialects. Rise of the London dialect. III. ME vowel system. General characteristics. IV. ME Noun. V. ME Verbal System
Слайд 2I. Main historical events of the ME period.
II. ME dialects.
Rise of the London dialect.
III. ME vowel system. General characteristics.
IV. ME Noun.
V. ME Verbal System
III. ME vowel system. General characteristics.
IV. ME Noun.
V. ME Verbal System
Слайд 3Middle English (1066-1485)
1066 the Norman Conquest.
the Normans were descendants of Danish
Vikings who settled in northern France (Normandy) in the 9th and 10th c.
1485 – the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch
1485 – the accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch
Слайд 41066 the Norman Conquest
The new overlords spoke a dialect of Old
French known as Anglo-Norman.
Anglo-Saxon earls were deprived of property, killed; many French nobles made their home in Britain;
Anglo-Saxon earls were deprived of property, killed; many French nobles made their home in Britain;
Слайд 5French was used in official documents, court; was the language of
upper class
(till the 13th c.)
Latin was the language of the church, of scholarship, and of international communication;
English - at the spoken level (except in court), among lower classes (peasants and slaves) (the 14th c. its thriumph).
(till the 13th c.)
Latin was the language of the church, of scholarship, and of international communication;
English - at the spoken level (except in court), among lower classes (peasants and slaves) (the 14th c. its thriumph).
Слайд 61204 King John Lackland lost Normandy to the French;
1215 Magna Carta
(Latin “Great Paper”) was written in Latin;
1258 the first royal proclamation of Henry III issued in English since the conquest;
the Hundred Year's War (1337-1453);
1258 the first royal proclamation of Henry III issued in English since the conquest;
the Hundred Year's War (1337-1453);
Слайд 7The Black Death (the Plague. 1348-1351);
By 1362 CE, the Statute of
Pleading (although written in French) declared English as the official spoken language of the courts;
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), an English author, poet, diplomat, the father of English language, his narrative Canterbury Tales (1386-1400).
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), an English author, poet, diplomat, the father of English language, his narrative Canterbury Tales (1386-1400).
Слайд 8
War of the Roses (1455-1485), York (white rose) vs. Lancaster (red
rose);
1476 William Caxton brought a printing press to England from Germany. Beginning of the long process of standardization of spelling.
1476 William Caxton brought a printing press to England from Germany. Beginning of the long process of standardization of spelling.
Слайд 10
In England the new standard language which arose in the late
Middle Ages was not descended from the West Saxon literary language. It was based on the East Midland dialect (OE Mercian)
Слайд 11ME vowel system. General characteristics.
French influence:
The new diagraphs of French origin:
“ou” (ME double), “ie” (ME chief), “ch”. The two-fold use of “g” and “c” owes its origin to French (ME mercy).
Replacement of final –i by –y, which is more ornamental (ME very).
Replacement of final –i by –y, which is more ornamental (ME very).
Слайд 12Shortening
the vowels are shortened before 2 consonants, but remain long in
other environment. Exception: -ld, -nd, -mb:
OE cēpan – ME kēpen
OE cēpte – ME kepte
OE wēnde – ME wēnde
OE cēpan – ME kēpen
OE cēpte – ME kepte
OE wēnde – ME wēnde
Слайд 13Shortening
A long vowel is shortened before one consonant in some 3
syllable words.
OE sūþerne – ME suþerne
OE sūþerne – ME suþerne
Слайд 14Lengthening
in the 13th c. short vowels were lengthened in open syllables.
OE talu – tāle
Lengthening affected “a”, “e”, “o”.
Слайд 16Y,y (long and short)
OE fyllan
ME fillen (Northen and East Midland groups)
ME
fullen (West Midland and South Western)
ME fellen (South-Eastern group)
ME fellen (South-Eastern group)
Слайд 17
å (nasal, before “m”, “n”)
OE mån
ME man (Northen, Southern, East Midland
dialects)
ME mon (West Midland)
ME mon (West Midland)
Слайд 20Levelling of unstressed vowels
All unstressed vowels were weakened and reduced to
a neutral /ǝ/, which was denoted by the letter “e”.
OE bindan – ME binden
OE bindan – ME binden
Слайд 21New diphthongs arose during the transition from OE to ME from
vocalisations of OE w, g, h, such as:
ME dai (cf. WS dag),
ME drawe(n) (WS dragan),
ME spewe(n) (cf. WS speowian),
ME saugh (OE seah)
ME dai (cf. WS dag),
ME drawe(n) (WS dragan),
ME spewe(n) (cf. WS speowian),
ME saugh (OE seah)
Слайд 22French loanwords supplied the inventory with the two new diphthongs ui,
oi
ME puint,
ME royal .
All OE diphthings were monophthongized in ME.
ME puint,
ME royal .
All OE diphthings were monophthongized in ME.
Слайд 23ME Morphology
The ME period is marked by a great reduction in
the inflectional system inherited from OE, so that ME is often reffered to as the period of weakened inflections.
Слайд 24Reasons for these changes:
the mixing of OE with Old Norse. Frequently,
the English and Scandinavian words were sufficiently similar to be recognizable, but had different sets of inflections (e.g. OE sunu – OScan. sunr);
phonological cause. The loss and weakening of unstressed syllables at the end of words destroyed many of the distinctive inflections of OE (OE endings –an, -on, -un, -um all became –en, which was later reduced to –e.
phonological cause. The loss and weakening of unstressed syllables at the end of words destroyed many of the distinctive inflections of OE (OE endings –an, -on, -un, -um all became –en, which was later reduced to –e.
Слайд 25ME Noun
The number of declensions was reduced to two:
ME Strong declension:
Nom. Pl –es; Gen. Sg. –es (OE strong a-stem declension);
ME Weak declension: Nom. Pl. –en; Gen. Sg. –en (OE weak n-stem declension).
ME Weak declension: Nom. Pl. –en; Gen. Sg. –en (OE weak n-stem declension).
Слайд 26
In PDE we still have a few relics of other declensions:
there are the mutated plurals like feet, geese, mice, and men, where the vowel of the plural was changed by front mutation, and there is no plural ending.
Слайд 28The grammatical categories of the Noun:
the category of case (Common and
Genitive);
the category of number (Singular and Plural);
the category of gender (masculine, feminine and neuter)
types of declension: strong and weak.
the category of number (Singular and Plural);
the category of gender (masculine, feminine and neuter)
types of declension: strong and weak.
Слайд 30The Definite Article
In OE the DA showed three genders (sē masculine,
sēo feminine, þæt neuter), and was declined through all four cases, singular and plural.
The form the arose as Late OE þe, which supplanted sē and sēo.
By the end of the ME period we have reached the modern position, in which the is the only form of the definite article.
The form the arose as Late OE þe, which supplanted sē and sēo.
By the end of the ME period we have reached the modern position, in which the is the only form of the definite article.
Слайд 31The Verb
Old English marked two tenses (past vs present), three moods
(indicative vs imperative vs subjunctive), and three persons (first, second, third) and two numbers.
4 classes of OE verbs.
4 classes of OE verbs.
Слайд 32The principle of analogy— the tendency of language to follow certain
patterns and adapt a less common form to a more familiar one—is well exemplified in the further history of the strong verbs.
Слайд 33Classes of ME Verbs
At a time when English was the language
chiefly of the lower classes, it was natural that many speakers should apply the pattern of weak verbs to some which were historically strong.
Слайд 34The two key changes which affected ME verbs:
1) the reduction of
inflectional endings,
2) the shift of strong verbs to the weak paradigm.
2) the shift of strong verbs to the weak paradigm.
Слайд 35The ME Verbal System
In ME the system of inflections became much
reduced, but a complicated system of tenses is built up by means of the primary auxilaries (be, have, do) and the modal auxiliaries (shall, should, will, etc.).
Слайд 36The Future Tense
The future tense with shall and will is established
in ME.
In OE these verbs had the connotation of obligation and desire respectively:
OE ic sceal meant “I am obliged to”
OE ic wille meant “I wish to”.
In OE these verbs had the connotation of obligation and desire respectively:
OE ic sceal meant “I am obliged to”
OE ic wille meant “I wish to”.
Слайд 37The Perfect Tenses and Passive Forms
The Perfect tenses with habban or
bēon and the passive forms with bēon and weorþan already existed in OE, but they came to be used more frequently in ME.
Слайд 38The Continuous Tenses
The Continuous tenses, formed with be + the present
participle, also arise in ME, but are not at all common until the Modern English period.
Слайд 39
By the end of ME the perfect, passive, and continuous markings
of the verb were all well established, though much less frequently used than today.
Слайд 40ME Syntax
As the inflectional system decayed, other devices were increasingly used
to replace it.
Слайд 41Word-order became more important: S-V-O word-order became the dominant one.
The
use of prepositions to perform the functions formely carried out by word-endings. E.g. prepositions like in, with, by.
