Theory of International Relations презентация

Although there are various strands of thinking, a key element to postmodernist theories is a distrust of any account of human life which claims to have direct access to the "truth". Post-modern international relations theory critiques theories like Marxism that provide an overarching metanarrative to history. Key postmodern thinkers include Lyotard, Foucault and Derrida.

Postmodernism

of exclusion

Postmodern ethics

Postmodernism

the intimate connection between claims to knowledge and claims to political power and authority

To problematize all claims to epistemological and political totalization

To rethink the concept of the political without invoking assumptions of sovereignty and reterritorialization

and socially constructed, rather than inevitable consequences of human nature or other essential characteristics of world politics.
Constructivism is characterized by an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures.

Constructivism

are, contrary to the assumptions of Neorealism and Neoliberalism, socially constructed, that is, they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction.Alexander Wendt calls two increasingly accepted basic tenets of Constructivism "that the structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces, and that the identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature".

seen primarily as an outgrowth of critical international theory, as many of its pioneers explicitly sought to employ the insights of that theory to illuminate diverse aspects of world politics.

Constructivism

atomistic egoists and society as a strategic domain – proffering an alternative image of humans as socially embedded, communicatively constituted and culturally empowered – constructivists have used this alternative ontology to explain and interpret aspects of world politics that were anomalous to neo-realism and neo-liberalism.

Constructivism

of neo-realists and neo-liberals, neither of which had predicted, nor could adequately comprehend, the systemic transformations reshaping the global order.

Third, while rationalists view society as a strategic realm, a place where actors rationally pursue their interests, constructivists see it as a constitutive realm, the site that generates actors as knowledgeable social and political agents, the realm that makes them who they are.

defending equal political, economic, cultural, and social rights for women.
aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and gender.[4][5] Some of the earlier forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to the creation of ethnically specific or multiculturalist forms of feminism

Feminism

feminist theories of international relations have proliferated since the early 1990s. These theories have introduced gender as a relevant empirical category and analytical tool for understanding global power relations as well as a normative position from which to construct alternative world orders.

Feminism

women and/or explores gender as an empirical dimension of international relations;
Analytical feminism - uses gender as a theoretical category to reveal the gender bias of International Relations concepts and explain constitutive aspects of international relations
Normative feminism - reflects on the process of theorizing as part of a normative agenda for social and political change

Feminism

relations has suffered from its neglect of feminist perspectives. Feminists argue that conventional International Relations theories distort our knowledge of both ‘relations’ and the ongoing transformations of the ‘international’.
Approaches to international relations that fail to take gender seriously overlook critical aspects of world order and abandon a crucial opening for effecting change.

Feminism

justice, and grassroots democracy. It began taking shape in the western world in the 1970s; since then Green parties have developed and established themselves in many countries around the globe, and have achieved some electoral success.
Supporters of Green politics, called Greens (with a capital 'G'), share many ideas with the ecology, conservation, environmentalism, feminism, and peace movements. In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics is concerned with civil liberties, social justice, nonviolence,

Green Politics

sometimes variants of localism and tends to support social progressivism. 

from the mid-1970s onwards.
Environmentalists - accept the framework of the existing political, social, economic and normative structures of world politics, and seek to ameliorate environmental problems within those structures
Greens - regard those structures as the main origin of the environmental crisis and therefore contend that they are structures which need to be challenged and transcended.

Green Politics

moral value only on humans in favour of one which places independent value also on ecosystems and all living beings
Dobson : the ‘limits to growth’ argument about the nature of the environmental crisis
Decentralization

Green Politics

below the nation-state, rather than for new forms of global political authority. This involves decentralization not only of political organization, but economic and social organization as well. They also argue for abandoning traditional sovereign systems and practices in favour of more mixed locations of authority.
Their focus on ‘reclaiming the commons’ supports the decentralization argument in GPT.

Green Politics

is the way in which contemporary human societies are ecologically unsustainable.
Greens focus on the way in which prevailing political structures and processes contribute to this destruction. The purpose of enquiry is thus explicitly normative – to understand how global political structures can be reformed to prevent such destruction and provide for a sustainable human relationship to the planet and the rest of its inhabitants.

Green Politics

causes of war?
What were Clausewitz's warnings about war?
What is the "levels-of-analysis" problem?
Are wars growing out of conflicting cultures now likely?
Does capitalism cause wars or peace?
Does a balance of power lead to peace? Or does a hierarchy of power?
What evidence supports the "previous-war" theory?
How may analogies be misused m IR?

REVIEW QUESTIONS

KEY TERMS

macro
Micro
misperceive
reactionary
revolutionary
sunk costs

ISBN 978-1403948663
Paul Wilkinson. International Relations: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions). 1st edition. 2007: Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0192801579
 Anne-Marie Slaughter. International Relations, Principal Theories. Wolfrum, R. (Ed.) Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, 2011)
Ole R. Holsti. Theories of International Relations
Anne-Marie Slaughter. International Relations, Principal Theories
Bill Newmann. A Brief Introduction to Theories on International Relations and Foreign Policy
Reinhard Meyers. Contemporary Developments in International Relations Theory
Global Politics. How to Use and Apply Theories of IR

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