Theoretical principles of bioenergetics презентация

Vitalievna 2016

laws under which they change to achieve maximum stability – the state of chemical equilibrium.

It allows foreseeing a definite chemical reaction proceeding in a given chemical system, as well as the direction of equilibrium shift in the system in accordance with the change of temperature, pressure and agents concentration.

of reactions is studied by the branch of thermodynamics called thermochemistry or chemical thermodynamics.

which interact whith each other and are separated from the environment by a real or imaginary surface.

with environment.

Closed system is a system which exchanges energy but doesn’t exchange mass with environment.

Open system is a system which exchanges both mass and energy with environment.

All biological systems are open systems

Heterogeneous system consists of several phases.

Phase is a part of a system, which is separated by the interfacial area while its crossing the properties change stepwise.

heat and work):

An increase of the internal energy of a system is equal to the heat which is received by the system from the outside except for the work produced by the system against external forces:

∆U = Q – A

equal to heat which the system gets in isobaric process.

way, in which this reaction occurs, and only depends upon the initial and final states of a system.

condition of entropy increase.

Т∆S = ∆Q
(connected energy)

with the environment.