Integrated approaches to sustainable development practice презентация

Development

Milena Novy-Marx, Ph.D.
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

February 26, 2008

it Matters
3. Examples of Incoherence
United Kingdom and Migration of Health Workers
Philippines
Agricultural policy in wealthy countries
US, Mexico, and North American Free Trade Agreement
4. Solutions
UK Commonwealth Code of Practice
Global Forum for Migration and Development
5. Conclusion
6. Discussion Questions

and development
Comparative Advantage
Increased efficiency
Freer trade will not promote growth absent basic founding conditions
Market imperfections in poorest countries
Lack of basic infrastructure, credit markets
Undeveloped human resources, disease burden, low agricultural productivity

population
Increasing complexity of migration
Half of all migrants are women
Wage and demographic and imbalances between “North” and “South” create push and pull factors
Paradigm shift to potential positive impacts of migration on development
Lack of international regime for managing movement of people, protecting migrants’ rights

Investment

Development Aid

Private Debt and Portfolio Equity

reduction
Release pressure on local labor markets
Brain Drain
Diaspora: Transfers of Knowledge, Investment, Skills, Contacts, Philanthropy
Countries of Destination
Supply of needed labor (high and low-skilled)
Tax revenue
Multicultural vitality
Migrants vulnerable to abuse

of migration due to human dimension
Gains from trade and migration are not evenly distributed

policy actions by governments
Policies on trade, aid, development and migration can be complements
Yet often countries’ policies work at cross purposes
Examples of policy incoherence:
United Kingdom’s (UK) health workforce
Philippines
Developed countries’ agricultural policy
US and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

provides aid to Malawi’s health sector
$120 million in 2004, $34 million for health in 2005
Recruitment from other low-income countries (Africa)

by national health system

in health workers

Emigration as national development strategy has compromised some development outcomes
Decline in health standards
Dependence on remittance/migration model

Development (OECD) development assistance promotes trade and agriculture
Agriculture a key sector for many low-income countries
Yet OECD domestic agriculture and trade policies work at cross-purposes to these goals
Subsidies for agricultural production
Tariffs on agricultural goods from low-income countries
Increase in non-tariff barriers

enforcement to cut migration while the free trade pact increased it
NAFTA does not address migration, subsidies
NAFTA raised pressure for migration to US
Dislocation of farmers
In short-term, freer trade increases migration
In long-term, trade and migration may be substitutes

health service
Innovative arrangements: hospital twinnings, training
Malawi
UK increases aid to country’s health sector for more training, higher salaries
Migration of nurses to the UK declines
Challenges:
Balancing right to move with health needs of poorest
Recruitment continues by private sector

migration and development within and between countries
Inter-governmental and civil society meetings to exchange information and best practices
Non-binding
Governments establish focal points within Ministries
Next Forum in Manila October 2008

between Ministries/agencies
Developing national policies/plans for coherence
Incorporate migration and trade in Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)
Improve international coordination

Many challenges remain:
Political commitment
Policy goals often unclear
Effective government institutions and administration
Financial and human resources
Private sector can complement or work against coherence

creating synergies for development
Challenges to implementation

policy coherence improved in any areas?
Is policy coherence primarily an issue for developed countries?
What lessons can be drawn from the cases discussed?
How should development be defined and measured? By the well being of individuals from a country, regardless of residence? Or by per capita income of those remaining in-country?
Should individuals have the right to migrate?

Development Lecture

Milena Novy-Marx