The mechanism of chromosome, gene mutation. The theory of mutation of Hugo De Vries презентация

De Vries.

of mutation of Hugo De Vries and causes mutagenesis

mutations.
2.Can explain emergence mechanism of chromosome and gene mutations.
3.Learners should describe correctly four types of mutation out of five.
4.Explain the theory of mutation of Hugo De Vries and causes mutagenesis.

aneuploidy, non-disjunction, polyploidy, mutagenesis, mutation causes, genotype mutation, inheritance, mutation variability, error, jump, death, new features, biochemical, physiological, morphological, sex and somatic mutation.

of a gene or a chromosome.
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extra-chromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA (such as may be caused by exposure to radiation or carcinogens).

variations are the raw material of evolution.
2. Mutations appear all of a sudden. They become operational immediately.
3. Unlike Darwin’s continuous variations or fluctuations, mutations do not revolve around the mean or normal character of the species.
4. The same type of mutations can appear in a number of individuals of a species.
5. All mutations are inheritable.
6. Mutations appear in all conceivable directions.
7. Useful mutations are selected by nature. Lethal mutations are eliminated. However, useless and less harmful ones can persist in the progeny.
8. Accumulation of variations produce new species. Sometimes a new species is produced from a single mutation.
9. Evolution is a jerky and discontinuous process.

source of all variations and hence fountain head of evolution.
(2) Mutation theory can explain both progressive and retrogressive evolution.
(3) As the ratio of mutations is not the same in all individuals and their parts, mutation theory can explain the occurrence of both changed and unchanged forms.
(4) A number of mutations have appeared in the past.

(UV-light).
Induced: cause by factors – radiation, mutagenic chemicals, high temperature.

Mutagens: X-ray, radioactive isotopes, cosmic rays, UV-light and etc.

different allele of a gene, is a gene mutation.
The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins.

Deletion, Insertion

Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation

a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original.
the reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids.

base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.

base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.

by adding a piece of DNA. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.

piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s).

copied one or more times. This type of mutation may alter the function of the resulting protein.

of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame. A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid. A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift mutations.

broke apart, genes inserted in the wrong chromosome, or genes or set of genes are completely lost in the chromosome.
Basically, structural chromosomal mutations are classified into four:
deletion,
duplication,
inversion,
translocation (or shift places).

DNA is not duplicated or is lost during DNA replication. The size of this region can either be a mere nucleotide or can be large as an entire chromosome.

a region (or regions) in the DNA is produced. This duplicated region can either be located in its normal location in the chromosome or sometimes be located in other parts of the chromosomes or even in another chromosome.

gets inserted back into the chromosome.
Basically, two types of inversion exist: pericentric and paracentric.

non-homologous chromosome. This newly-formed segment then detaches from the chromosome and moves to a new position on another chromosome.

number wherein the ploidy (chromosome number) of the new individual is different from its wild type. This is typically a result of the nondisjunction of chromosomes during mitosis or meiosis, hence producing offspring with either extra or lost chromosomes.
Monosomic
Trisomic

2. Polyploidy
Polyploidy is a type of mutation that occurs when an individual bears more than one haploid set of chromosomes. If the individual with polyploidy bear three sets of haploid chromosomes, the condition is said to be triploidy whereas if it has four haploid sets, the condition is said to be tetraploidy.

certain groups of fish, salamanders, frogs, and leeches.

mutations.
2.Can explain emergence mechanism of chromosome and gene mutations.
3.Learners should describe correctly four types of mutation out of five.
4.Explain the theory of mutation of Hugo De Vries and causes mutagenesis.