Evolution I Antibiotic Resistance презентация

11.2.6.1 Analyze the evidence for evolution
Success Criteria
1. Name and describe three examples of evidence of evolution.
2. Explain how to test for antibiotic resistance.
3. Explain results of antibiotic resistance test.

CIE Biology Jones
p402 to 418

Mega Plate Bacterial Resistance (2min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yybsSqcB7mE

Mrs Cooper A level Biology Variation (8 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKQXnU1Pgow

Mrs Cooper A level Natural Selection (16 min )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtlERbtrIzM

Peppered moth simulation
http://peppermoths.weebly.com/

Bozeman Natural Selection 10 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6La6_kIr9g&t=2s

Mechanisms of evolution Website https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_14

Extra help

Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote these words in 1973, he was trying to blend the theories of evolution and genetics.

antibiotics

yourself “What is the…”

Example 1:  Staphylococcus aureus (associated with a variety of conditions, including skin and lung infections)
Variation:  Antibiotic resistance (some strains have a drug-resistant gene ; other strains do not)
Environmental change:  Exposure to antibiotic (methicillin)
Response:  Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) die, whereas methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) survive and can pass ontheir genes
Evolution:  Over time, the frequency of antibiotic resistance in the population increases (drug-resistant gene can also be transferred by conjugation)
 
Example 2:  Peppered Moth (Biston betularia)
Variation:  Colouration (some moth have a light colour, while others are a darker melanic colour)
Environmental change:  Pollution from industrial activities caused trees to blacken with soot during the Industrial Revolution
Response:  Light coloured moths died from predation, whereas melanic moths were camouflaged and survived to pass on their genes
Evolution:  Over time, the frequency of the melanic form increased (with improved industrial practices, the lighter variant has become more common) 

cleavage, blastula, gastrulation

Evidence for Evolution

DNA evidence

Chemical Evidence
DNA –amino acid

Structural Evidence
Homologous, analogous, vestigial

evidence of a
common ancestor

Co-evolution

Two different species evolve together-mutualism

Examples: Speciation due to
Behavior, temporal, Reproductive isolation, geographic isolation

Insect and flower

the remote past.

ammonite

Priscacara liops;
Green River, WY

Mermaid Fossil

Types of Fossils

shows a common ancestor

Common ancestor
Divergent evolution

Human

Dog

Bird

Whale

different (feathers, filaments, tissues..). They come from different ancestors.
Note, the bird and bat share homologous bone structure but not flight function.

Moth Wing

Bird Wing

Pterodactyl wing

Bat wing

Different ancestors
Convergent evolution

and function due to loss of usefulness in the course of evolution.

Pelvis and
Femur
In a whale

the main mechanisms of speciation
Know the factors affecting the frequency of alleles

the inheritance of a trait, we study and individual.
-To study the genetic frequency of alleles, we study a population.
-This study of a population is called the measurement of variability.
-A population with high genetic variability has more evolutionary success, where as a population with low genetic diversity has a low evolutionary success and could quickly reach extinction if there is a change in the environmental condtions.
Classify the main mechanisms of speciation
Know the factors affecting the frequency of alleles

mate to reproduce fertile offspring.

Barn Owls

Geese

Swans

Turtle Doves

Sea Horses

All examples show are species that have the same mate for life.

Birds

Cats

time

evolution

it leads to adaptations, and to how it leads to changes in allelic frequency and finally speciation. Hardy Weinburg introduced

What is natural selection?
What is variation?
How does variation lead to adaptations?
How does it lead to variation in allelic frequency.

species to change.

These are the basic steps
1. Overproduction of
offspring.
2. Competition for limited
resources.
3. Survival and
reproduction OR death.

What is natural selection?

Natural Selection – Darwin 3 min https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcpB_986wyk

are better adapted ot their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals.

Light Form
of a Peppered Moth

Dark Form
of a Peppered Moth

Aa, aa

aa

community.

Tree frog diversity within the species Philautus found in Western Ghats, India

- gene pool is large due to the endless variety of mate – mate combinations

evolutionary effects
-more alleles in a population
-more chance for evolutionary change
-less chance of extinction

of survival and reproduction in its particular environment

worms

uses tool to get insects

insects

Evolution
of many
branches
of
organisms from a single ancestor

adaptations?
-What is survival of the fittest? Give some examples.
-What are the properties of Natural Selection?
How does it influence variation?
How does it influence allelic frequency
-What are the links between genetic variability and evolution?
-What are the types of speciation?

to reproduce fertile offspring.

Barn Owls

Geese

Swans

Turtle Doves

Sea Horses

All examples show are species that have the same mate for life.

of different breeds, varieties, or species.
Usually infertile, sterile.

behavior or temporal changes

Species B

Species C

Species A

Specific Change over time

of natural selection; the new species can no longer interbreed producting fertile offspring.
Examples
-geographical isolation -mating behavior -breeding habits -changes in food sources

Maltose Food

Starch Food

Many generations pass

of time

Punctuated
Equilibrium

Sudden changes in a population that happen rapidly followed by long periods of no change

Common Ancestor

alleles?

1. Mutation
2. Migration
3. Genetic drift
4. Non-random mating
5. Selection and survival of the fittest. (2 groups)
-disruptive selection
-stabilizing selection
-directional selection

use of terminology
Mechanism explained in your own words
Example of the factor
Picture of the factor

individuals which can be passed to their offspring. Over time mutations can change a population

colored alleles

the physical flow (movement) of alleles into or out of a population

immigration-flow of alleles into a population (added)
emigration- flow of alleles out of a population (lost)

that allow for more successful traits.

is small due to these organisms producing more offspring with only their genes
evolutionary effects
-less alleles in a population gene pool
-less chance for evolutionary change
-more chance of extinction

depending on which phenotype is favorable.
These are the three types of SELECTION.

of breeding but have different courtship rituals

Common Ancestor

Lakes, Oceans, Rivers, Deserts…over time speciation will occur.

Geographic Isolation

Kaibab squirrel has a black belly and lives on the North Rim.

Abert squirrel has a light colored belly and lives on the South Rim

Grand Canyon, Arizona

Common Ancestor

times of day or night.
Dural = day
Nocturnal = night

Common Ancestor

Examples
Attractive coloring of fur, feathers, scents, mating calls, or rituals.

no longer interbreed to produce successful offspring
Examples
Geographic barriers Change in Anatomy or physiology
Behavior- bird mating calls are different
Temporal- mating times have changed seasons, or day to night

selection this is the
intentional breeding or organisms for certain favorable traits, or ombination of traits.

Broccoli: Flower development is suppressed

Cauliflower: flowers are sterile

Cabbage: selection for the terminal bud (head only forms)

Kale: selection is for leaves only

Undomesticated
banana-lots of seeds compared
to artificially
selected with little to no seeds