Learning Objective
1. Describe the process of DNA replication based on Chargaff rules.
2. Distinguish between types of RNA structure and function.
3. Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
CIE Biology Jones
pp 111-122
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DNA Replication, RNA Structure & Function, and Compare DNA & RNA презентация
Содержание
- 1. DNA Replication, RNA Structure & Function, and Compare DNA & RNA
- 2. Success Criteria Can apply Chargaff’s rule to
- 3. Terminology – Replication flash cards https://quizlet.com/140046226/as-biology-dna-replication-and-the-genetic-code-flash-cards
- 4. When does DNA replication occur in a eukaryotic cell?
- 5. Question: When and where does DNA Replication
- 6. Mechanisms of DNA Replication Meselsohn and
- 7. Scientists had three theories of how DNA Replicated.
- 8. Meselson and Stahl – How does DNA
- 9. The experiments of Meselsohn and Stahl to support semi-conservative replication. Same experiment – different graphic
- 11. DNA Replication - Semiconservative
- 12. Replication Bubbles Eukaroyotic genomes are so
- 13. Since DNA is antiparallel – it must replicate continuously and discontinuously.
- 14. Steps of DNA Replication 1. Topoisomerase
- 15. DNA Replication Origins of replication 1. Replication Forks:
- 16. DNA Replication Origins of replication 2. Replication Bubbles:
- 17. DNA Replication Strand Separation: 1. Topoisomerase: enzyme which
- 18. DNA Replication Strand Separation: 2. Helicase: enzyme
- 19. DNA Replication Priming: 2. RNA primers: before
- 20. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA
- 21. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA
- 22. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA
- 23. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA
- 24. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA
- 25. DNA Replication Synthesis of the new DNA
- 26. DNA ? DNA DNA ? mRNA mRNA ? amino acid
- 28. TRANSLATION: RNA⇒PROTEIN OCCURS -In
- 29. RNA _________________________________________________________
- 30. RNA Major Differences DNA RNA
- 34. Compare DNA to RNA
- 35. Complete the chart by reading each term
- 36. Compare DNA to RNA
- 38. Quiz Formative
- 44. DNA Structure Review In your notebook, place
- 45. Antiparallel Phosphodiester Bonds Nucleotide
- 46. Nitrogenous Bases DNA: G-C
- 47. DNA Replication
- 48. Three types of RNA
Success Criteria Can apply Chargaff’s rule to calculate a correct number of X bases presented from the information taken from Y bases. Know and explain two rules: Quantity A =
Слайд 1DNA Replication, RNA Structure & Function, and Compare DNA & RNA
G11
Biology 2017-2018
Learning Objective
1. Describe the process of DNA replication based on Chargaff rules.
2. Distinguish between types of RNA structure and function.
3. Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
Learning Objective
1. Describe the process of DNA replication based on Chargaff rules.
2. Distinguish between types of RNA structure and function.
3. Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
Слайд 2Success Criteria
Can apply Chargaff’s rule to calculate a correct number of
X bases presented from the information taken from Y bases. Know and explain two rules:
Quantity A = Quantity T
Quantity G = Quantity C
Relative quantity of DNA varies from one sample to another one particularly in relative quantity of reasons ATGC
Know and understand the process of DNA replication. Apply knowledge in completing diagram. Use correctly and explain terms.
Analyze structure of RNA and DNA molecules. Find similarities and differences. Complete the table correctly.
Quantity A = Quantity T
Quantity G = Quantity C
Relative quantity of DNA varies from one sample to another one particularly in relative quantity of reasons ATGC
Know and understand the process of DNA replication. Apply knowledge in completing diagram. Use correctly and explain terms.
Analyze structure of RNA and DNA molecules. Find similarities and differences. Complete the table correctly.
Meselson and Stahl (watch until 5.18 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gdWOWjioBE&t=52s
Professor Dave DNA replication (6.14 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kp9wiYMQUU
Mrs Cooper DNA replication (13 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00
Слайд 3Terminology – Replication flash cards https://quizlet.com/140046226/as-biology-dna-replication-and-the-genetic-code-flash-cards
Слайд 5Question:
When and where does DNA Replication take place?
S phase of interphase
of the cell cycle
IN Eukaryotic cells
IN Eukaryotic cells
Слайд 6Mechanisms of DNA Replication
Meselsohn and Stahl Experiment
There were three
theories of how DNA might replication.
Слайд 8Meselson and Stahl – How does DNA replicate? In class ?
(watch until 5.18 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gdWOWjioBE&t=52s
Bacteria was grown until all DNA contained 15N as nitrogen source. Density = 100% Heavy 15N
Then bacteria was grown using only 14N – as nitrogen source.
Generation 0 Density = 100% of 15N
Generation 1 Density = 100% of 15N +14N mixed equally as one molecule.
Generation 2 Density = 50% of 15N + 14N and 50% of only 14N
Generation 3 Density = 25% of 15N + 14N and 75% of only 14N
Generation 4 Density = 12% of 15N + 14N and 88% of only 14N
Bacteria was grown on nutrient 15N
as nitrogen source. Gen = 0
Bacteria was grown on nutrient 14N
as nitrogen source. Gen = 1-4
14 N
15 N
Слайд 9The experiments of
Meselsohn and Stahl
to support semi-conservative replication.
Same experiment – different
graphic
Слайд 12Replication Bubbles
Eukaroyotic genomes are
so large that replication must occur simutaniously
on many parts of the strand to ensure that it is complete.
Semiconservative-
one old and one new strand both
are identical to the parent strand.
-Why does DNA replicate?
-During what process does
replication take place in a eukaryotic cell?
DNA
Replication
Watch this now ☺ Professor Dave DNA replication (6.14 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kp9wiYMQUU
Слайд 14Steps of DNA Replication
1. Topoisomerase binds and relaxes the double
helix.
2. Helicase unwinds the parental double helix.
3. Single stranded binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA.
4. The leading strand is synthesized continually in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA polymerase III.
5. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase I to form and Okazaki fragment.
6. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA polymerase, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing chain.
2. Helicase unwinds the parental double helix.
3. Single stranded binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA.
4. The leading strand is synthesized continually in the 5’ to 3’ direction by DNA polymerase III.
5. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase I to form and Okazaki fragment.
6. After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA polymerase, DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing chain.
Слайд 15DNA Replication
Origins of replication
1. Replication Forks: hundreds of Y-shaped regions of replicating
DNA molecules where new strands are growing.
Слайд 16DNA Replication
Origins of replication
2. Replication Bubbles:
a. Hundreds of replicating bubbles (Eukaryotes).
b. Single
replication fork (bacteria).
Слайд 17DNA Replication
Strand Separation:
1. Topoisomerase: enzyme which relieves stress on the DNA molecule
by allowing free rotation around a single strand.
Слайд 18DNA Replication
Strand Separation:
2. Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and separation
(breaking H-Bonds) of the parental double helix.
3. Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP): proteins which attach and help keep the separated strands apart.
3. Single-Strand Binding Proteins (SSBP): proteins which attach and help keep the separated strands apart.
Слайд 19DNA Replication
Priming:
2. RNA primers: before new DNA strands can form, there
must be small pre-existing primers (RNA) present to start the addition of new nucleotides (DNA Polymerase).
3. Primase: enzyme that polymerizes (synthesizes) the RNA Primer.
3. Primase: enzyme that polymerizes (synthesizes) the RNA Primer.
Слайд 20DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
1. DNA Polymerase III: with a
RNA primer in place, DNA Polymerase (enzyme) catalyze the synthesis of a new DNA strand in the 5’ ? 3’ direction.
Слайд 21DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
2. Leading Strand: synthesized as a
single polymer in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Слайд 22DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
3. Lagging Strand uses DNA polymerase
I: is also synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction, but discontinuously against overall direction of replication.
Слайд 23DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
4. Okazaki Fragments: series of short
segments on the lagging strand.
Слайд 24DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
5. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme
that catalyzes the formation of a covalent bond from the 3’ to 5’ end of joining stands.
Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together.
Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together.
Слайд 25DNA Replication
Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
6. Proofreading: initial base-pairing errors may
be corrected by DNA polymerase I or III.
Слайд 28
TRANSLATION: RNA⇒PROTEIN
OCCURS
-In the cytoplasm on free ribosomes
-mRNA directs the RNA
to the ribosome where tRNA translates (decodes) the codon (sequence of three bases) to a specific amino acid.
-Then the amino acids combine to make a specific protein (polypeptide).
ENZYMES REQUIRED
amina-acyl tRNA synthetase – binds the amino acid to specific tRNA
-Then the amino acids combine to make a specific protein (polypeptide).
ENZYMES REQUIRED
amina-acyl tRNA synthetase – binds the amino acid to specific tRNA
DNA ? mRNA
mRNA ? amino acid
DNA ? DNA
Mitosis / Meiosis
Слайд 29RNA _________________________________________________________
mRNA –
messenger RNA(codon) takes message of DNA, edits it, then takes it through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
rRNA – ribosomal RNA – RNA that assists with protein synthesis. Found in cytoplasm and on rough ER.
tRNA – transferRNA(anticodon) – RNA that transfers a specific amino acid to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
rRNA – ribosomal RNA – RNA that assists with protein synthesis. Found in cytoplasm and on rough ER.
tRNA – transferRNA(anticodon) – RNA that transfers a specific amino acid to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
DNA ? mRNA
mRNA ? amino acid
DNA ? DNA
Mitosis / Meiosis
Слайд 30RNA
Major Differences DNA RNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6L3zO8t1lsE
Professor Dave DNA RNA (7.0)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NhDY3IDp00
Differences in DNA RNA (2.40) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruUf7ntRCk8
Differences in DNA RNA (2.40) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruUf7ntRCk8
Слайд 35Complete the chart by reading each term or phrase and placing
a check in the appropriate column.
Слайд 44DNA Structure Review
In your notebook, place the template under the page
and trace.
Next, use the template to find the completementary strand.
Why is DNA said to be “antiparallel”?
Circle a nucleotide
Label hydrogen bonds G=C , A=T see diagram.
Number the carbons of a sugar.
Label a phosphodiester bond.
Next, use the template to find the completementary strand.
Why is DNA said to be “antiparallel”?
Circle a nucleotide
Label hydrogen bonds G=C , A=T see diagram.
Number the carbons of a sugar.
Label a phosphodiester bond.
Deoxyribose
GCAT
Sugar
DNA Nucleotide
Sugar
GCAU
RNA Nucleotide
Ribose
_
Слайд 46Nitrogenous
Bases
DNA: G-C A-T
mRNA: C-G U-A
Thymine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Pyrimidines
Purines
GCAT – meow!
