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The major concepts of stylistics. Style as a linguistic phenomenon. (Lecture 2) презентация
Содержание
- 1. The major concepts of stylistics. Style as a linguistic phenomenon. (Lecture 2)
- 2. Conceptions of style
- 3. a specific characteristic of a human activity
- 4. Characteristics of style
- 5. 1. a set of characteristics by which
- 6. What is style in language? Language -
- 7. Style in linguistics aesthetic function and
- 8. Style as a decoration of language
- 9. Style as a technique of expression
- 10. Style as a literary genre
- 11. Style depending on the aim of communication
- 12. The problem of the norm. Deviations from
- 13. What is the norm? 1. the invariant
- 14. a set of stable language means which
- 15. Two opposite points of view Style
- 16. Deviations non-expressive expressive anomalies which are found
- 17. Rule – restriction – violation every
- 18. 1. a book – books 2.
- 19. The Foregrounding Theory Foregrounding – an ability
- 20. Theory of text structuring Underlining main ideas
- 21. Types of Foregrounding 1. Coupling 2.
- 22. Coupling a deliberate repetition of similar elements
- 23. phonetic – rhyme, alliteration, assonance
- 24. So long as men can breathe and
- 25. Convergence accumulation of SDs promoting the same idea, motive
- 26. Defeated Expectancy Some element of the text
- 27. Колумб открыл окно 2 informational
- 28. Talk all you like about automatic ovens
- 29. Semi-marked structures a variety of defeated expectancy
- 30. N. Chomsky: gradation of grammatical norm
- 31. Semi-marked structures structures that deviate from the established rules of grammar and require special interpretation
- 32. are a linguistic basis for tropes
- 33. Colourless green ideas sleep furiously. N. Chomsky
- 34. Strong position headline beginning of the text final episode
- 35. Thank you!
Conceptions of style
Слайд 3a specific characteristic of a human activity presupposing some choice within
the system of accepted norms, a way, a mode, a manner of fulfilling some activity
K.A. Dolinin
K.A. Dolinin
Style
Слайд 51. a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author
from another, one social group, trend, period, etc. from another
2. something belonging to the plane of expression
2. something belonging to the plane of expression
Слайд 6What is style in language?
Language - a vehicle of human communication
(some kind of activity).
Style – a manner of conducting this activity.
Style – a manner of conducting this activity.
Слайд 7Style in linguistics
aesthetic function and emotional colouring of language
EMs
and SDs of language
synonymous ways of expressing the same idea
individual manner of using language
synonymous ways of expressing the same idea
individual manner of using language
Слайд 8Style as a decoration of language
Style and language – 2
separate bodies.
Style – like a trimming to a dress.
Style – like a trimming to a dress.
Слайд 9Style as a technique of expression
Style – an ability to
write clearly, correctly and in a interesting manner.
Style in the utilitarian sense, can be taught.
Style in the utilitarian sense, can be taught.
Слайд 10Style as a literary genre
Classical style, realistic style, the style
of Romanticism, etc.
Is applied to different types of literary works – fable, novel, ballad, etc.
Is applied to different types of literary works – fable, novel, ballad, etc.
Слайд 11Style depending on the aim of communication
Functional style
A system of
interrelated language means which serves a definite aim of communication
Слайд 12The problem of the norm. Deviations from the norm
Style is a
product of individual choices and patterns of choices among linguistic possibilities.
S. Chatman
S. Chatman
Слайд 13What is the norm?
1. the invariant of the norm (an abstraction:
phonetic, lexical, grammar and spelling rules of a language)
2. its variants (realized in concrete texts)
2. its variants (realized in concrete texts)
Слайд 14a set of stable language means which are recognized by the
language community as a model or standard
Norm
Слайд 15Two opposite points of view
Style reveals itself through variations within
the limits of the norm.
Anything that can be labelled as “stylistic” is already a deviation from the established norm.
Style is deviations.
(Enkvist)
Слайд 16Deviations
non-expressive
expressive
anomalies which are found in the speech of children, foreigners and
people with mental disorders
e.g. a books, me speaks
deliberate, motivated violations, producing a specific effect, often creating an image
e.g. two wives ago,
it was an I who
Слайд 17Rule – restriction – violation
every countable noun can take -s
in plural and be used with an article
mass and abstract nouns are used with the Ø article and have no plural form
violation
mass and abstract nouns are used with the Ø article and have no plural form
violation
Слайд 181. a book – books
2. sand, water
sands (a vast amount, the
sands of Sahara)
the waters of the Pacific
3. footsteps on the sand of war
the waters of the Pacific
3. footsteps on the sand of war
Слайд 19The Foregrounding Theory
Foregrounding – an ability of a verbal element to
obtain extra significance in a given context.
Prague School of Structural Linguistics
Russian formalists – Y. Tynyanov, R. Jacobson, B. Tomashevsky, V. Shklovsky
Prague School of Structural Linguistics
Russian formalists – Y. Tynyanov, R. Jacobson, B. Tomashevsky, V. Shklovsky
Слайд 20Theory of text structuring
Underlining main ideas
Dividing text into paragraphs (slow perception
of an unbroken text )
Headlines help to focus on main ideas
Headlines help to focus on main ideas
Слайд 21Types of Foregrounding
1. Coupling
2. Convergence
3. Defeated Expectancy (Low Predictability)
4. Salient Feature
(Strong Position)
Слайд 22Coupling
a deliberate repetition of similar elements in similar positions
R. Jacobson: parallel
constructions.
S. Levin: universal character of coupling.
S. Levin: universal character of coupling.
Слайд 23 phonetic – rhyme, alliteration, assonance
lexical – synonyms, antonyms, derivatives,
words belonging to one semantic field
syntactical – anaphora, epiphora, polysyndeton
syntactical – anaphora, epiphora, polysyndeton
Coupling on every level of language
Слайд 24So long as men can breathe and eyes can see,
So long
lives this and this gives life to me.
W. Shakespeare
Lend your money and lose your friend.
W. Shakespeare
Lend your money and lose your friend.
Слайд 26Defeated Expectancy
Some element of the text receives prominence due to the
interruption in the pattern of predictability.
Слайд 27Колумб
открыл
окно
2 informational peaks
Information peaks and recessions agree with organization
of human attention
Слайд 28 Talk all you like about automatic ovens and electric dishwashers, there’s
nothing you can have around the house as useful as a husband.
Чем меньше женщину мы любим, тем лучше нравимся мы ей.
А.С. Пушкин «Евгений Онегин» Глава IV.
Чем меньше женщину мы любим, тем лучше нравимся мы ей.
А.С. Пушкин «Евгений Онегин» Глава IV.
Слайд 29Semi-marked structures
a variety of defeated expectancy associated with deviation from the
grammatical and lexical norms
Слайд 30N. Chomsky: gradation of grammatical norm
Marked
Semi- marked
Unmarked
are generated
according to grammar rules of a given language
grammatically incorrect sentences. Don’t exist in a language, can’t be generated according to its rules
Слайд 31Semi-marked structures
structures that deviate from the established rules of grammar and
require special interpretation
Слайд 32 are a linguistic basis for tropes and SDs
low predictivness
a source of expressing limitless number of vivid images (structures are vague and allow different interpretations)
compression
