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Philosophy, its object and functions. (Lecture 1) презентация
Содержание
- 1. Philosophy, its object and functions. (Lecture 1)
- 2. The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek
- 3. A brief etymological interpretation sounds like “love wisdom”
- 4. The first who used this word, was
- 5. So, here one of the first symbols
- 6. For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was
- 7. How can or should begin philosophy in
- 8. Various thinkers have different answers to this
- 9. Then, Aristotle believed that philosophy begins with wonder. (удивление)
- 10. Wonder in front of the mystery of
- 11. Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly
- 12. For, as pointed out by another ancient
- 13. Descartes saw the real beginning of philosophy in doubt.
- 14. Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole
- 15. The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them
- 16. However, it should not be taken so
- 17. But the parts are taken here in
- 18. It is also important to have in
- 19. Ontology – study of being Gnoseology –
- 20. Aesthetics – study of the beauty Logic
- 21. Directly only ontology goes to “the world
- 22. Social philosophy studies direction of the historical
- 23. In all its forms philosophy teaches “the
- 24. In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach every problem
- 25. In this context we can understand the
- 26. In fact, expanding (расширяя) the circle of
- 27. There are problems in any science, but
- 28. Each era and every great thinker give
- 29. Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but
- 30. Philosophical knowledge also comes as critical knowledge.
- 31. Philosophical criticism reveals (выявляет) limitations and the relativity of all knowledge.
- 32. In this respect, philosophy is different than
- 33. Main instrument of philosophy is not conviction
- 34. Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection
- 35. Philosophical knowledge can be described as well
- 36. Philosophy discovers universality in its human, humanistic
- 37. Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is
- 38. Philosophy and science
- 39. Solution of the question “is philosophy science?”
- 40. First, the foundation of any science has highly uncertain character.
- 41. Second, at the highest level of science
- 42. Third, science is a social institution, i.e.,
- 43. Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended
- 44. Historical types of outlook: mythology, religion, philosophy
- 45. World outlook is a system of views
- 46. Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and
- 47. Outlook has two levels: rational-theoretical level daily and practical level
- 48. There are three historical types of outlook: Mythology Religion Philosophy
- 49. Mythology is a system of legends, in
- 50. Myth is the first form of cultural
- 51. Religion is a faith in the supernatural
- 52. Religious outlook is characterized by… 1. Symbolism
- 53. 2. The world is divided on the
- 54. Definition of philosophy
- 55. So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy
- 56. Philosophy is focused on three key elements:
- 57. The question of relation between matter and
- 58. This question has two aspects: 1.
- 59. Functions of philosophy
- 60. Four basic functions of philosophy: 1. Outlook
- 61. 2. Methodological function is to identify ways
- 62. 3. Humanistic function is implemented in a
- 63. 4. The practical function of philosophy is,
- 64. Philosophy course consists of… history
- 65. Periods of evolution of philosophy: The ancient
- 66. Key FINDINGS
- 67. Philosophy is the subjective search for answers
- 68. Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the
- 69. Thank you for your attention...
The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of two words : philos, (love, or philia – friendship, affection привязанность) and sophos (learned scholar ученый муж, sage, or
Слайд 2The term “philosophy” comes from the Greek language. It consists of
two words :
philos, (love, or philia – friendship, affection привязанность) and
sophos (learned scholar ученый муж, sage, or sophia - wisdom, knowledge, talent).
philos, (love, or philia – friendship, affection привязанность) and
sophos (learned scholar ученый муж, sage, or sophia - wisdom, knowledge, talent).
Слайд 4The first who used this word, was Pythagoras. He did not
dare (не отважился) to call himself as wise man, in his view: it is only God is wise, there’s only God’s wisdom.
Слайд 5So, here one of the first symbols of wisdom, philosophy –
Iris, (the rainbow as a bridge between earth people and sky gods).
Слайд 6For the ancient Greek philosophers philosophy was not only a form
of knowledge, learning, but also a form of life, existence. And even the first form or way of life (образ жизни).
Слайд 7How can or should begin philosophy in each case? And how
a single person can be attached (приобщается) to it?
Слайд 8Various thinkers have different answers to this question. Plato began to
widely use the term “philosophy” in his “Dialogues”.
Слайд 10Wonder in front of the mystery of the world, its unity
and diversity (многообразие), its infinity. To be surprised and to see something in its untouched pristine (первозданность) is very difficult.
Слайд 11Interpretation of the wisdom of Democritus rightly points out (указывает) that
philosophy can not be reduced to knowledge. Although in-depth knowledge is necessary for a wise.
Слайд 12For, as pointed out by another ancient Greek philosopher – Heraclitus,
“knowledge of much doesn’t teach to be wise”
Слайд 14Philosophical knowledge is knowledge of a hole (целое), integrity of the
hole. “The world as a whole” – that could be defined as the subject of philosophy.
ХОЛИЗМ (от греч. … — целый, весь) — в широком смысле позиция в философии и науке по проблеме соотношения части и целого, исходящая из качественного своеобразия целого по отношению к его частям. В онтологии холизм опирается на принцип: целое всегда есть нечто большее, чем простая сумма его частей. Соответственно его гносеологический принцип гласит: познание целого должно предшествовать познанию его частей.
ХОЛИЗМ (от греч. … — целый, весь) — в широком смысле позиция в философии и науке по проблеме соотношения части и целого, исходящая из качественного своеобразия целого по отношению к его частям. В онтологии холизм опирается на принцип: целое всегда есть нечто большее, чем простая сумма его частей. Соответственно его гносеологический принцип гласит: познание целого должно предшествовать познанию его частей.
Слайд 15The hole combines, integrates parts, provides them into unity. It is
clear that only something in common and significant can ensure (обеспечивать) unity of the objects.
Слайд 16However, it should not be taken so that philosophy does not
show any interest in the parts. Of course, a hole doesn’t exist without parts.
Слайд 17But the parts are taken here in that connection that leads
to hole, include them in general chain (цепь) of global process, in the fundamental unity of the world.
MAN
UNIVERSE
SOCIETY
Слайд 18It is also important to have in view that philosophy is
internally dissected (внутренне расчлененное) formation consisting of independent philosophic studies:
Слайд 19Ontology – study of being
Gnoseology – theory of cognition
Epistemology - study
of knowledge
Philosophical anthropology – study of man
Social philosophy – philosophy of society
Philosophical anthropology – study of man
Social philosophy – philosophy of society
Слайд 20Aesthetics – study of the beauty
Logic – study of thinking
Futurology –
study of the future
Axiology – study of values
Ethics – study of morality
Axiology – study of values
Ethics – study of morality
Слайд 21Directly only ontology goes to “the world as hole”. But, this
does not mean that there’s no study of the hole, integrity in other philosophical disciplines.
Слайд 22Social philosophy studies direction of the historical process (what is the
history?), paradigms, i.e., model-patterns in social life.
Слайд 23In all its forms philosophy teaches “the holistic (целостное) thinking”, an
integrated interpretation of all existing parties, all aspects of human existence. Philosophical knowledge, then, should be classified as problematic one.
Слайд 24In a rigorous, logical-philosophical approach every problem reveals (обнаруживает) its true
meaning that is to be an issue on which there is no answer in the existing system of knowledge, but which, nevertheless, growing out from it.
Слайд 26In fact, expanding (расширяя) the circle of knowledge, we increase the
area of contact with the world of ignorance, or unknown.
Слайд 27There are problems in any science, but in philosophy they have
eternal nature. That is philosophy deals with the problems, which don’t have any final solution.
Слайд 28Each era and every great thinker give their own interpretation, understanding
and resolution of philosophical problems – more or less authentic (достоверное), compelling (убедительное), but a very relative.
Слайд 29Philosophical knowledge is not only problematic, but alternative. Philosophy makes a
lot of different responses on any fundamental question . There is no the Answer, but there are a lot of answers.
Слайд 30Philosophical knowledge also comes as critical knowledge. Philosophy reflects all dogmas,
teachings, authorities, values which are circulating (имеют хождение) in society.
Слайд 32In this respect, philosophy is different than rhetoric which convinces (убедить)
a listener in one way of opinion.
Слайд 33Main instrument of philosophy is not conviction (убеждение), but discovery and
critical examination of the truth.
Слайд 34Criticism is naturally connected with reflection. Reflection is self-conscious (самоосознающее) or
cognitive thinking, self-aware (самоосознающее) knowledge search. Reflective thought is a thought, turned on itself.
Слайд 35Philosophical knowledge can be described as well as humanistic knowledge. In
this case, we investigate person as a philosophical phenomenon because every person exists as active side of relationships between human and the world.
Слайд 36Philosophy discovers universality in its human, humanistic dimension and meaning. Philosophy
explores the world, displayed (отображенный) on individual world.
Слайд 37Knowledge becomes philosophical knowledge when it is projected on human being
and is involved in the formation of his worldview.
Слайд 39Solution of the question “is philosophy science?” depends on how we
understand science and how we evaluate philosophy. Science is usually identified with a system of true knowledge, but it is an exagge’ration (преувеличение).
Слайд 41Second, at the highest level of science there exists its heterogeneity
(неоднородности): contradictory theories, unproven theorems, purely hypothetical constructs, paradoxes.
Слайд 42Third, science is a social institution, i.e., social diversity which contains
people, their research roles, misconceptions (заблуждения), prejudices (предрассудки) and rumors (слухи).
Слайд 43Philosophy has more comprehensive (объемлющий) nature, intended to generalize the truth.
Philosophy unites not only scientific, but religious, ethical, aesthetic theories and opinions.
Слайд 45World outlook is a system of views on the reality and
human’s place in it in a certain historic-cultural epoch.
Слайд 46Outlook has a definite structure: everyday and scientific knowledge, creeds (убеждения),
faith, principles etc.
Outlook carries out the function of human’s knowledge of the outer world.
Outlook carries out the function of human’s knowledge of the outer world.
Слайд 49Mythology is a system of legends, in which it’s stated the
understanding of the emergence and structure of the world and man as its inherent element.
Слайд 50Myth is the first form of cultural activity of man. Cosmogonic
myths are about the origin of the universe.
Cosmological myths are about the structure of the universe.
Слайд 51Religion is a faith in the supernatural substance, which is based
on a strong system of moral norms and the special organization of people (sanctuary- храм).
Faith is a form of existence of religion.
Слайд 52Religious outlook is characterized by…
1. Symbolism (each a significant phenomenon in
nature or history is regarded as a manifestation of God’s will)
Слайд 532. The world is divided on the worldly and otherworldly spaces
3.
Time is associated with a sacred history
Слайд 55So, as much it’s defined before: «Philosophy is the study of
fundamental laws of the world, man and man’s place in this world
Слайд 57The question of relation between matter and consciousness is one of
the main questions in philosophy
Слайд 58This question has two aspects:
1. What comes first: matter or
consciousness? (materialists and idealists)
2. Can we cognize the world? (Gnostics and Agnostics)
2. Can we cognize the world? (Gnostics and Agnostics)
Слайд 60Four basic functions of philosophy:
1. Outlook function of philosophy is the
ability to give a united picture of the world in general, to combine data of sciences, arts, practices.
Слайд 612. Methodological function is to identify ways to achieve some goal,
such as scientific knowledge, aesthetic creativity, social practice.
Слайд 623. Humanistic function is implemented in a very careful attention to
the man, this function is referring to man as the active phenomenon.
Слайд 634. The practical function of philosophy is, above all, the aspiration
to moral, ethical virtue of the people.
Слайд 65Periods of evolution of philosophy:
The ancient oriental philosophy
The philosophy of ancient
Greece and Rome
Medieval philosophy
The philosophy of Renaissance
The New Age Philosophy
German classical philosophy
Philosophy of the 19th century
Philosophy of the 20th century
Present-day Philosophy
Medieval philosophy
The philosophy of Renaissance
The New Age Philosophy
German classical philosophy
Philosophy of the 19th century
Philosophy of the 20th century
Present-day Philosophy
Слайд 67Philosophy is the subjective search for answers to the fundamental issues
of existance.
Philosophy is ethical man’s attitude to the world.
Philosophy is ethical man’s attitude to the world.
Слайд 68Appointment of philosophy is an understanding the world and human security
of the universal conditions of improvement.
