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Lecture 8. Fundamentals of english lexicography презентация
Содержание
- 1. Lecture 8. Fundamentals of english lexicography
- 2. Plan: Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Classification of
- 3. Dictionaries are like watches: the worst
- 4. 1. Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Classification of linguistic dictionaries
- 5. Lexicography: the science of dictionary compiling
- 6. Lexicography is closely connected with Lexicology
- 7. Dictionary: a wordbook with lists
- 8. There are about 250 different
- 9. In Great Britain Oxford Cambridge dictionaries
- 10. In Great Britain Longman Collins dictionaries
- 11. In Great Britain Chambers’ dictionaries Penguin dictionaries
- 12. In the USA Merriam-Webster's Funk and Wagnalls Co.
- 13. In the USA Random house dictionaries
- 14. According to the choice of items included
- 15. Linguistic dictionaries are word-books.
- 16. Encyclopedic dictionaries are thing-books that give
- 17. INFLUENZA in a linguistic dictionary: spelling
- 18. The Encyclopedia Britannica (24 volumes)
- 19. The Encyclopedia Americana (30 volumes)
- 20. Collier’s Encyclopedia (24 volumes)
- 21. Chamber’s Encyclopedia (15 volumes)
- 22. Everyman’s Encyclopedia (12 volumes)
- 23. Reference books: books confined for definite fields of knowledge
- 24. The Oxford Companion to English Literature
- 25. CAMBRIDGE PAPERBACK GUIDE TO LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
- 26. The Oxford Companion to American Theatre
- 27. Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries often overlap.
- 28. Linguistic Dictionaries: 1. nature of the word-list:
- 29. 2. the information provided: explanatory –
- 30. 3. the language: monolingual (information is given in the same language); bilingual.
- 31. No dictionary can be a
- 32. Characterization of a Dictionary: the nature
- 33. Main types of linguistic dictionaries
- 34. Explanatory Dictionaries: provide information
- 35. Synchronic: deal
- 36. Diachronic: concerned with the
- 37. Translation Dictionaries: word-books containing
- 38. Phraseological Dictionaries: have vast
- 39. New Words Dictionaries: reflect the growth of neologisms in the English language.
- 40. Dictionaries of Neologisms: A Dictionary of
- 41. Dictionaries of Slang: contain
- 42. Usage Dictionaries: investigate usage
- 43. Dictionaries of Word-frequency:
- 44. Reverse Dictionary: a list
- 45. Pronouncing Dictionaries: record contemporary
- 46. Etymological Dictionaries: trace present-day
- 47. Ideographic Dictionaries: contain words grouped
- 48. Dictionaries of Synonyms: A Dictionary of
- 49. Types of dictionaries
- 50. 2. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling
- 51. Some basic problems of dictionary-compiling 1. Selection
- 52. 1. Selection of Lexical Units
- 53. No dictionary of any size can register all lexical units.
- 54. The Choice of Lexical Units Depends upon:
- 55. A Dictionary Compiler Chooses: the type of
- 56. 2. Arrangement of Entries
- 57. Types of Arrangement: 1) alphabetical: the basic
- 58. Run-outs – in the
- 59. Advantage: easy finding of any
- 60. Types of Arrangement: 2) cluster type: words
- 61. 3. Selection and Arrangement of Meanings
- 62. The number of meanings and their choice
- 63. Diachronic dictionaries list more meanings than synchronic dictionaries.
- 64. 3 ways of meaning arrangement:
- 65. 4. Definition of Meanings
- 66. Types of definitions: encyclopedic definition – determine
- 67. Types of definitions: synonymous words and expressions
- 68. 5. Illustrative Examples
- 69. Diachronic dictionaries: quotations
- 70. 6. Choice of Adequate Equivalents
- 71. It is one of the major problems in compiling translation dictionaries.
- 72. The dictionary-maker is
- 73. 7. Setting of the Entry
- 74. Explanatory Dictionaries of Synchronic Type Contain:
- 75. modern currency illustrative examples derivatives phraseology etymology synonyms and antonyms
- 76. Explanatory Dictionaries of Diachronic Type Include: chronological
- 77. 8. Structure of the Dictionary
- 78. Parts of a dictionary: introduction or preface
- 79. dictionary itself; addendum (usually contains a
- 80. 3. Learner’s dictionaries and some problems of their compilation
- 81. Learner’s Dictionaries: specially compiled dictionaries to meet
- 83. Features: a strictly limited word-list; a great
- 84. Problems of The Compilation the selection of
- 85. 2. the arrangement of meanings the actual
- 86. 3. the definition of meanings descriptive
- 87. 4. setting of the entry
- 88. 5. the supplementary lists of
- 89. List of Literature: Воробей, А. Н.
Plan: Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Classification of linguistic dictionaries. Basic problems of dictionary-compiling. Learner's dictionaries and some problems of their compilation.
Слайд 2Plan:
Encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries. Classification of linguistic dictionaries.
Basic problems of
dictionary-compiling.
Learner's dictionaries and some problems of their compilation.
Learner's dictionaries and some problems of their compilation.
Слайд 3
Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none and
the best cannot be expected to be quite true.
Samuel L. Johnson
Samuel L. Johnson
Слайд 6Lexicography is closely connected with Lexicology The object of lexicography and lexicology:
vocabulary of a language
The material collected in dictionaries is widely used by linguists in their research.
The principles of dictionary making are always based on linguistic fundamentals.
Слайд 7Dictionary:
a wordbook with lists of vocabulary units and their
specific semantic, structural and functional characteristics
Слайд 14According to the choice of items included and the sort of
information given about them:
Encyclopedic dictionaries
Linguistic dictionaries
Слайд 15
Linguistic dictionaries are word-books.
Subject matter: lexical units and
their linguistic properties (pronunciation, meaning, peculiarities of use, etc)
Слайд 16
Encyclopedic dictionaries are thing-books that give information about the extra-linguistic world.
Subject matter: concepts, their relations to other objects and phenomena, etc.
Слайд 17INFLUENZA
in a linguistic dictionary:
spelling
pronunciation
grammar characteristics
synonyms, etc.
in an encyclopedic dictionary:
the causes
symptoms
characteristics and varieties of this disease
treatment, etc.
Слайд 28Linguistic Dictionaries:
1. nature of the word-list:
general – contain lexical units in
ordinary use with this or that proportion of items from various spheres of life;
restricted – contain lexical units from a certain part of the word-stock (terminological, phraseological, dialectal, etc.).
restricted – contain lexical units from a certain part of the word-stock (terminological, phraseological, dialectal, etc.).
Слайд 29
2. the information provided:
explanatory – present a wide range of data,
especially with regard to the semantic aspect of the vocabulary items entered;
specialized – deal with lexical units only in relation to their etymology or frequency or pronunciation.
specialized – deal with lexical units only in relation to their etymology or frequency or pronunciation.
Слайд 31
No dictionary can be a general-purpose word-book. Each is designed
for a certain set of users.
Слайд 32Characterization of a Dictionary:
the nature of the word-list;
the information supplied;
the
language of the explanations;
the prospective user.
the prospective user.
Слайд 34Explanatory Dictionaries:
provide information on all aspects of the
lexical units entered: graphical, phonetical, grammatical, semantic, stylistic, etymological, etc.
Слайд 35
Synchronic: deal with the form, usage and
meaning of lexical units in modern English, taking no account of its past development.
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English;
Universal Dictionary of the English Language.
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English;
Universal Dictionary of the English Language.
Слайд 36
Diachronic: concerned with the development of words occurring within
the written history of the language.
New English Dictionary on Historical Principles;
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles.
New English Dictionary on Historical Principles;
The Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles.
Слайд 37Translation Dictionaries:
word-books containing vocabulary items in one language
and their equivalents in another language.
New E.-R. Dictionary by Prof. I.R. Galperin;
The E.-R. Dictionary by Prof. V.K. Muller;
The E.-R. Dictionary under Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky.
New E.-R. Dictionary by Prof. I.R. Galperin;
The E.-R. Dictionary by Prof. V.K. Muller;
The E.-R. Dictionary under Prof. A.I. Smirnitsky.
Слайд 38Phraseological Dictionaries:
have vast collections of idiomatic or colloquial
phrases, proverbs.
An E.-R. Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin
An E.-R. Phraseological Dictionary by A.V. Kunin
Слайд 40Dictionaries of Neologisms:
A Dictionary of new English. A Barnhart Dictionary
(1973) (covers the period of time from 1963 – 1972);
The Longman Register of New Words (1990);
Bloomsbury Dictionary of New Words (1996);
Beyond the Dictionary by Brian Locket (1998).
The Longman Register of New Words (1990);
Bloomsbury Dictionary of New Words (1996);
Beyond the Dictionary by Brian Locket (1998).
Слайд 41Dictionaries of Slang:
contain elements from areas of substandard
speech (vulgarisms, jargonisms, taboo words, curse-words, colloquialisms, etc.)
Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English by E. Partridge;
The Dictionary of American Slang by H. Wentworth and S.B. Flexner.
Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English by E. Partridge;
The Dictionary of American Slang by H. Wentworth and S.B. Flexner.
Слайд 42Usage Dictionaries:
investigate usage problems of all kinds:
the
difference in meaning between words – e.g. formality and formalism;
give the proper pronunciation of words;
give the plural forms.
Dictionary of Modern English Usage by N.W. Fowler.
give the proper pronunciation of words;
give the plural forms.
Dictionary of Modern English Usage by N.W. Fowler.
Слайд 43Dictionaries of
Word-frequency:
inform the user about the frequency
of occurrence of lexical units in speech.
Слайд 44Reverse Dictionary:
a list of words in which the
words are arranged in alphabetical order starting with their final letters.
Rhyming Dictionary of the English Language by John Walker.
Rhyming Dictionary of the English Language by John Walker.
Слайд 45Pronouncing Dictionaries:
record contemporary pronunciation, indicate various pronunciations.
English Pronouncing
dictionary by Daniel Jones.
Слайд 46Etymological Dictionaries:
trace present-day words to the oldest forms
available, establish their original meaning, point out the source of borrowing.
Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by C.T. Onions
Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology by C.T. Onions
Слайд 47Ideographic Dictionaries:
contain words grouped by the concepts.
Thesaurus of English
Words and Phrases by P.M. Roget.
Слайд 48Dictionaries of Synonyms:
A Dictionary of English Synonyms and Synonymous Expressions
by R. Soule;
Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms;
The best known bilingual dictionary of synonyms is English Synonyms compiled by Y. Apresyan.
Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms;
The best known bilingual dictionary of synonyms is English Synonyms compiled by Y. Apresyan.
Слайд 51Some basic problems of dictionary-compiling
1. Selection of lexical units
2. Arrangement
of entries
3. Selection and arrangement of meanings
4. Definition of meanings
5. Illustrative examples
6. Choice of adequate equivalents
7. Setting of the entry
8. Structure of the dictionary
3. Selection and arrangement of meanings
4. Definition of meanings
5. Illustrative examples
6. Choice of adequate equivalents
7. Setting of the entry
8. Structure of the dictionary
Слайд 54The Choice of Lexical Units Depends upon:
the type of the
dictionary;
the aim of the compiler;
the user of the dictionary.
the aim of the compiler;
the user of the dictionary.
Слайд 55A Dictionary Compiler Chooses:
the type of lexical units;
the number of items;
what
to select and what to leave out in the dictionary.
Слайд 57Types of Arrangement:
1) alphabetical: the basic units are given as main
entries that appear in alphabetical order while the derivatives are given as subentries or in the same entry (run-outs).
Слайд 58
Run-outs – in the same entry
despicable, adj. Vile, contemptible
Hence – LY adv.
Subentry – includes definitions
despicable adj. that is or should be despised; contemptible. despicably, adv. in a despicable manner.
Subentry – includes definitions
despicable adj. that is or should be despised; contemptible. despicably, adv. in a despicable manner.
Слайд 60Types of Arrangement:
2) cluster type: words are arranged in nests, based
on this or that principle
Advantage: it requires less space and presents a clear picture of the relations of this unit with other words.
Advantage: it requires less space and presents a clear picture of the relations of this unit with other words.
Слайд 62The number of meanings and their choice depend on:
the aim of
compilers;
their decisions about archaic, dialectical words, etc.
their decisions about archaic, dialectical words, etc.
Слайд 643 ways of meaning arrangement:
in the sequence of
historical development (historical order);
frequency of use (empirical or actual order);
logical connection (logical order).
frequency of use (empirical or actual order);
logical connection (logical order).
Слайд 66Types of definitions:
encyclopedic definition – determine not only the word-meaning, but
also the underlying concepts;
descriptive definitions or paraphrases – determine only the word-meaning;
descriptive definitions or paraphrases – determine only the word-meaning;
Слайд 67Types of definitions:
synonymous words and expressions – consist of words or
word-groups with nearly equivalent meaning;
by means of cross-references.
decrescendo = diminuendo
waggle = wiggle
by means of cross-references.
decrescendo = diminuendo
waggle = wiggle
Слайд 69
Diachronic dictionaries: quotations are drawn from literary sources.
Synchronic: from classical or contemporary sources.
Слайд 72
The dictionary-maker is to give the most exact
equivalent in the target language.
When there is no equivalent
by means of a descriptive explanation or transliteration.
When there is no equivalent
by means of a descriptive explanation or transliteration.
Слайд 74Explanatory Dictionaries of Synchronic Type Contain:
accepted spelling and pronunciation;
grammatical characteristics
(a part of speech, irregular grammatical forms);
definitions of meanings;
definitions of meanings;
Слайд 76Explanatory Dictionaries of Diachronic Type Include:
chronological arrangement of entries
the etymology of
the word
the dates which indicate the time of the 1st registration of the word or its last registration
the dates which indicate the time of the 1st registration of the word or its last registration
Слайд 78Parts of a dictionary:
introduction or preface (some separate sections designed to
help the user in handling the dictionary);
Слайд 79
dictionary itself;
addendum (usually contains a key to pronunciation, the list of
abbreviations, geographical and personal names, etc.)
Слайд 81Learner’s Dictionaries:
specially compiled dictionaries to meet the demands of the learners
for whom English is not their mother tongue
Слайд 83Features:
a strictly limited word-list;
a great attention to the functioning of lexical
units in speech;
a strong normative character of the lexical units included;
their compilation is focused on the native linguistic background of the user.
a strong normative character of the lexical units included;
their compilation is focused on the native linguistic background of the user.
Слайд 84Problems of The Compilation
the selection of entry words
information of currently
accepted usage;
no archaic, dialectal words;
only the most accepted pronunciation forms;
words are chosen on the frequency principle.
no archaic, dialectal words;
only the most accepted pronunciation forms;
words are chosen on the frequency principle.
Слайд 852. the arrangement of meanings
the actual order (the main meanings before
minor ones),
literal uses before special,
easily understandable uses before difficult.
literal uses before special,
easily understandable uses before difficult.
Слайд 863. the definition of meanings
descriptive definitions are mostly used;
encyclopedic
definitions and cross-references are rare;
definitions are in simple terms.
definitions are in simple terms.
Слайд 885. the supplementary
lists of irregular verbs, common abbreviations, geographical
names, etc.
common forenames,
numerical expressions,
the works of William Shakespeare, etc.
common forenames,
numerical expressions,
the works of William Shakespeare, etc.
Слайд 89List of Literature:
Воробей, А. Н. Глоссарий лингвистических терминов / А.
Н. Воробей, Е. Г. Карапетова. – Барановичи : УО "БарГУ", 2004. – 108 с.
Дубенец, Э. М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология : пособие для студ. гуманит. вузов / Э. М. Дубенец. – М. / СПб. : ГЛОССА / КАРО, 2004. – C. 179–184.
Лексикология английского языка : учебник для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р. З. Гинзбург [и др.] ; под общ. ред. Р. З. Гинзбург. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Высш. школа, 1979. – C. 210–233.
Лещева, Л. М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии современного английского языка : учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л. М. Лещева. – Минск : Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. – C. 136–153.
Дубенец, Э. М. Современный английский язык. Лексикология : пособие для студ. гуманит. вузов / Э. М. Дубенец. – М. / СПб. : ГЛОССА / КАРО, 2004. – C. 179–184.
Лексикология английского языка : учебник для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р. З. Гинзбург [и др.] ; под общ. ред. Р. З. Гинзбург. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Высш. школа, 1979. – C. 210–233.
Лещева, Л. М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии современного английского языка : учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л. М. Лещева. – Минск : Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. – C. 136–153.
