Слайд 1КСР 2
Methods of Lexicological Analysis
Слайд 2Plan:
Contrastive Analysis.
Statistical Analysis.
Immediate Constituents Analysis.
Distributional Analysis.
Transformational Analysis.
Componential Analysis.
Слайд 3List of Terms:
contrastive analysis
statistical analysis
immediate constituents analysis
distributional analysis
transformational analysis
componential
analysis
Слайд 4The process of scientific investigation may be subdivided into several stages:
1.
observation (the collection of data)
2. classification (orderly arrangement of the data obtained through observation)
Слайд 5Example:
English nouns
-er is added to verbal stems (speak + -er),
noun stems (village + -er),
the same morpheme in mother, father. But they haven’t a suffix
-er can be found in derived and non-derived words
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3. generalisation (the formulation of a hypothesis, rule, or law)
Слайд 7Example:
The rule:
derived nouns in -er may
have either verbal or noun stems.
The suffix -er in combination with adjectival or adverbial stems cannot form nouns (bigger, longer are not nouns).
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4. verification (to seek evidence of the correctness of the generalizations
that are the result of the inquires)
Слайд 9Various methods of lexicological research are used for classification, generalization and
verification:
1. Contrastive analysis.
2. Statistical methods of analysis.
3. Immediate Constituents analysis.
4. Distributional analysis.
5. Transformational analysis.
6. Componential analysis.
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The selection of this or that particular method largely
depends on the goal set before the investigator.
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Comparative linguistics investigates those elements and processes despite their surface diversity
that all languages have in common.
Contrastive linguistics attempts to find out similarities and differences in both related and non-related languages.
Слайд 13The aim of the contrastive analysis:
a detailed comparison of the
structure of a native and a target language
Слайд 14Contrastive analysis can be carried out at three linguistic levels:
phonology
grammar (morphology and syntax)
lexis (vocabulary)
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Contrastive analysis is the basis of teaching foreign languages:
it helps to foresee and prevent recurrent mistakes caused by the interference of the learner‘s mother tongue.
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новости, деньги, волосы plural
news, money,
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Contrastive analysis is generally applied to reveal the
features of sameness and difference in the lexical meaning and the semantic structure of correlated words in different languages.
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Watch, clock and часы
Head: the head of a person, bed or
match; in Russian different words have to be used: голова человека, изголовье кровати, сторона монеты
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Statistical methods of analysis
Слайд 20The aim of the statistical analysis:
the quantitative evaluation of the material
(different structural types of words, affixes, vocabularies of great writers, etc.)
the selection of vocabulary items of a foreign language for teaching purposes
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Statistical regularities can be observed only if the phenomena
under analysis are sufficiently numerous.
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The theory of Immediate Constituents is based on the
idea that combinations of units are usually structured into hierarchial sets of binary constructions (Immediate Constituents.
Слайд 24The aim of the Immediate Constituents analysis:
1. to find out the
morphemic structure of lexical units
Слайд 25Friendliness:
1. is divided into the component friendly-, occurring in such words
as friendly, friendly-looking, and the component ness- as in dark-ness, happy-ness.
2. is divided into friend- and -ly which are ultimate constituents (cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units).
Слайд 26The aim of the Immediate Constituents analysis:
2. to determine the ways
in which lexical units are relevantly related to one another
Слайд 27a black dress in severe style
a black
dress | in severe style
a + black + dress|in + severe + style
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Immediate Constituents analysis depends on the meaning of the whole complex:
fat major’s wife
?
fat major’s | wife
fat | major’s wife
Слайд 30Distribution:
the position which linguistic units may occupy in the flow of
speech, or the co-occurrence of units of the same level: words to words, morpheme to morphemes
Слайд 31The aim of the distributional analysis:
the investigation of sameness / difference
of meaning of words and word-groups
the analysis of word-formation.
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The word has different meanings in different patterns:
to treat
smb kindly (treat + N + Adv) – to behave towards;
to treat smb to ice-cream (treat + N + to + N) – to supply with smth at one’s own expense.
Слайд 33The boy__________ home.
the missing word is easily identified as
a verb (came, went, goes, etc.), but not as an adverb or a noun, or an adjective
Слайд 35Transformational analysis:
repatterning (reorganization) of identical distributional structures in order to
discover difference or sameness of their meaning.
Слайд 36Example of transformation:
his work is excellent –
his excellent work –
the excellence of his work –
he works excellently
Слайд 37The aim of the transformational analysis:
to investigate polysemantic patterns (e.g. compounds
which have the same pattern (n + n) may have different lexical meanings: dogfight – a fight between dogs; dogcart – a cart drawn by dogs)
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In the componential analysis linguists proceed from the assumption
that the denotational component of word meaning can be seen as a complex cluster of smaller units - semantic components, or semes organized in a componential structure.
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man can be described as [+HUMAN] [+ADULT] [+MALE]
boy as [+HUMAN] [–ADULT]
[+MALE]
woman as [+HUMAN] [+ADULT] and
[–MALE]
girl as [+HUMAN] [–ADULT] and
[– MALE].
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It helps to find out which of the meanings
should be represented first of all in the dictionaries of different types and how the words should be combined in order to make your speech sensible.
Слайд 42List of Literature:
Воробей, А. Н. Глоссарий лингвистических терминов / А.
Н. Воробей, Е. Г. Карапетова. – Барановичи : УО "БарГУ", 2004. – 108 с.
Лексикология английского языка : учебник для ин-тов и фак-тов иностр. яз. / Р. З. Гинзбург [и др.] ; под общ. ред. Р. З. Гинзбург. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М. : Высш. школа, 1979. – С. 234–261.
Лещева, Л. М. Слова в английском языке. Курс лексикологии современного английского языка : учебник для студ. фак-в и отдел. английского языка (на англ. яз.) / Л. М. Лещева. – Минск : Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь, 2001. – С. 42–44, 64.