vocabulary
Neologisms
Archaisms
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General characteristics of English vocabulary презентация
Содержание
- 1. General characteristics of English vocabulary
- 2. English is the world’s most important language
- 3. Peculiarities of English vocabulary A great number
- 4. Peculiarities of English vocabulary The role of
- 5. Peculiarities of English vocabulary Rich synonymic sources
- 6. English vocabulary How many words are there
- 7. Individual vocabulary of a person ACTIVE PASSIVE PRECIPITATION
- 8. Changes of the English vocabulary The word-stock
- 9. Changes in different conceptual spheres Social life
- 10. Changes in different conceptual spheres Criminal sphere
- 11. Changes in different conceptual spheres Health care
- 12. Changes in different conceptual spheres Women’s lib
- 13. Changes in different conceptual spheres Being politically
- 14. Changes in different conceptual spheres Homo sapiens
- 15. Neologisms Neology A neologism is a hew
- 16. Problems Finding the right ways of identification
- 17. The appearance of new words The needs
- 18. Stages of creating a new word In
- 19. Examples of trendy words DINKY SINBAD PC
- 20. Development of vocabulary Vocabulary is an open
- 21. Ways of vocabulary enlargement Word-building e.g. superbrand,
- 22. Ways of vocabulary enlargement Semantic change/semantic derivation
- 23. What word can be a neologism? Paul
- 24. Peculiar features of a neologism Paul McFedries
- 25. Peculiar features of a neologism The new
- 26. Types of neologisms Classification by Dubenez, E.M.
- 27. Types of neologisms Classification by Dubenez, E.M.
- 28. Occasional neologisms Occasional neologisms are not created
- 29. Examples of occasional neologisms in Russian Широкошумные
- 30. Causes of creating new words Linguistic factor
- 31. Appearance of a neologism in communication “Did
- 32. Archaisms A certain amount of words may
- 33. Extra-linguistic factor Extra-linguistic factor is the disappearance
- 34. Linguistic factor Linguistic factor – a
- 35. Three stages of turning a word into
- 36. Three stages of turning a word into
- 37. Three stages of turning a word into
English is the world’s most important language The number of speakers of the language The geographical dispersal of the language The functional load of the language The language of science and
Слайд 1General characteristics of English vocabulary
Peculiar features of English vocabulary
Changes of English
Слайд 2English is the world’s most important language
The number of speakers of
the language
The geographical dispersal of the language
The functional load of the language
The language of science and literature
English has become the object of studying
The geographical dispersal of the language
The functional load of the language
The language of science and literature
English has become the object of studying
Слайд 3Peculiarities of English vocabulary
A great number of mono-disyllabic words
e.g. ask, add,
age, bad, big, girl
Abnormal growth of homonymy
e.g. silence (n) – silence (v)
Highly developed polysemy
e.g. pod
A long narrow seed container that grows on various plants
A part of space vehicle that can be separated from the main part
A long narrow container for petrol or other substances
Abnormal growth of homonymy
e.g. silence (n) – silence (v)
Highly developed polysemy
e.g. pod
A long narrow seed container that grows on various plants
A part of space vehicle that can be separated from the main part
A long narrow container for petrol or other substances
Слайд 4Peculiarities of English vocabulary
The role of context is great
e.g. to catch
(ловить, поймать), to wash (умываться, стирать, мыть)
Phrasal verbs, set expressions are very common in English
e.g. to hurry up, to look after, to take a shower
Phrasal verbs, set expressions are very common in English
e.g. to hurry up, to look after, to take a shower
Слайд 5Peculiarities of English vocabulary
Rich synonymic sources
e.g. to gather (E) – to
assemle (F) – to collect (L)
A great abundance of borrowed words
Yacht, tatto
Seminar, hamburger
Cuisine, elite
Mosquito, macho
Casino, piano, ballerina
Tundra, tsar, pelmeni, blini
A great abundance of borrowed words
Yacht, tatto
Seminar, hamburger
Cuisine, elite
Mosquito, macho
Casino, piano, ballerina
Tundra, tsar, pelmeni, blini
Слайд 6English vocabulary
How many words are there in English?
How many words does
an average native speaker of English use in his/her everyday speech?
How many words did Winston Churchill use in his writing?
How many words did Winston Churchill use in his writing?
Слайд 8Changes of the English vocabulary
The word-stock of any language is always
developing
Vocabulary is sensitive to the changes in political, social and cultural life of the society
e.g. political, politics, parliamentary, the Secretary of state; lyric, epic, dramatic, fiction, critic (16 th century)
Jet-plane, X-rays, broadcasting, nuclear fission, antibiotics (19 th century)
Vocabulary is sensitive to the changes in political, social and cultural life of the society
e.g. political, politics, parliamentary, the Secretary of state; lyric, epic, dramatic, fiction, critic (16 th century)
Jet-plane, X-rays, broadcasting, nuclear fission, antibiotics (19 th century)
Слайд 9Changes in different conceptual spheres
Social life
Concept communitarism is very popular
It means
collaborative living in one global and entire world
e.g. collective thinking, think tank, collective responsibility
e.g. collective thinking, think tank, collective responsibility
Слайд 10Changes in different conceptual spheres
Criminal sphere
Due to the appearance of the
concept comunitarism the criminal subsphere was enlarged by new words
gangsta
steaming, wolf-pack, wilding, side-walking, jamming, drive-by
gangsta
steaming, wolf-pack, wilding, side-walking, jamming, drive-by
Слайд 11Changes in different conceptual spheres
Health care
New concepts were added: the 20th
century syndrome (agoraphobia) and tight/sick building syndrome
Слайд 12Changes in different conceptual spheres
Women’s lib
The vocabulary in this sphere has
totally changed in the last few years due to the tendency to uni-sex
House-wife – homemaker
Fisherman – fisher
Names of professions
Stewardess – flight attendant
Hairdresser – hairologist
House-wife – homemaker
Fisherman – fisher
Names of professions
Stewardess – flight attendant
Hairdresser – hairologist
Слайд 13Changes in different conceptual spheres
Being politically correct is important
Prison – correctional
facility
Prison guard – correctional officer
Garbage collectors – sanitation engineers/sanitation personel
Negroes, black people – non-white, coloured, Afro-American, Afro-Caribbean
Prison guard – correctional officer
Garbage collectors – sanitation engineers/sanitation personel
Negroes, black people – non-white, coloured, Afro-American, Afro-Caribbean
Слайд 14Changes in different conceptual spheres
Homo sapiens
Homo loquens (coach potato, mouse potato)
Homo
agens (do-it-yourselfism, do-it-yourself, DIY shop, all-at-once-ness)
Life-boat ethics
Hard-liner, bridge-builder, gut-lifer
Life-boat ethics
Hard-liner, bridge-builder, gut-lifer
Слайд 15Neologisms
Neology
A neologism is a hew word, new in form and content
800
words appear annually. This factor creates some problems for the linguists
Слайд 16Problems
Finding the right ways of identification of new words
Analysing the factors
which cause the emerge of new words in connection with pragmatic needs of society
Studying the models of creating the limits of using new words
Elaboration of principles of the attitude to new words in different social, professional and age groups
Studying the models of creating the limits of using new words
Elaboration of principles of the attitude to new words in different social, professional and age groups
Слайд 17The appearance of new words
The needs of society
The result of new
associations
The result of elimination of homonymy
The result of elimination of homonymy
Слайд 18Stages of creating a new word
In the course of communication
The stage
of socialization
The stage of lexicalization
The acquisition of the word by the native speakers
A new word has a quality of neologism, i.e. it has a temporal connotation of newness, until the people react to it as something new
The stage of lexicalization
The acquisition of the word by the native speakers
A new word has a quality of neologism, i.e. it has a temporal connotation of newness, until the people react to it as something new
Слайд 19Examples of trendy words
DINKY
SINBAD
PC
WRINKLIES
Clubbing
Glass ceiling
Spend more time with my family
Overtired an
emotional
Economical with the truth
Plastic
Economical with the truth
Plastic
Слайд 20Development of vocabulary
Vocabulary is an open system
Some words come in, others
drop out
The general tendency of vocabulary development is its enrichment and enlargement
The general tendency of vocabulary development is its enrichment and enlargement
Слайд 21Ways of vocabulary enlargement
Word-building
e.g. superbrand, self-gift, to butter, e-book
Borrowing new words
from other dialects, professional and social spheres of communication
e.g. lox
e.g. lox
Слайд 22Ways of vocabulary enlargement
Semantic change/semantic derivation
Semantic change takes place when new
meanings are developed for familiar notions and words. The process of semantic change is based on developing a primary meaning of the word and creating a anew secondary figurative meaning
e.g. bird (any flying object), паралич власти, гастролер
Forming phraseologisms
e.g. bird (any flying object), паралич власти, гастролер
Forming phraseologisms
Слайд 23What word can be a neologism?
Paul McFedries (American linguist and writer)
defined the following criteria for neologisms:
The word is not included in the dictionaries
The first usage of the word was registered not earlier than in 1980
The word had already appeared in three different sources and was used by three different authors
The word is not included in the dictionaries
The first usage of the word was registered not earlier than in 1980
The word had already appeared in three different sources and was used by three different authors
Слайд 24Peculiar features of a neologism
Paul McFedries singled out several features of
a neologism:
The word should be easy for pronunciation and using in speech
e.g. democrazy (absurd democracy)
The word should be easy to understand
e.g. pollutician (a politician who stands for the policy doing harm to the environment)
The word should be easy for pronunciation and using in speech
e.g. democrazy (absurd democracy)
The word should be easy to understand
e.g. pollutician (a politician who stands for the policy doing harm to the environment)
Слайд 25Peculiar features of a neologism
The new word should be easily picked
up and memorized by the people
e.g. gynobibliophobia (neglecting women writers)
The new word should not create a gap for the people of other generations
e.g. girlfriend, boyfriend, lover
e.g. gynobibliophobia (neglecting women writers)
The new word should not create a gap for the people of other generations
e.g. girlfriend, boyfriend, lover
Слайд 26Types of neologisms
Classification by Dubenez, E.M.
Proper neologisms – new words and
expressions which were coined to name a new object or phenomenon
e.g. bio-computer (computer which can imitate the nervous system of a human being)
Transnominations – new words which appear to name the existing things or phenomena (semantic coloring)
e.g. slum=ghetto=inner town
e.g. bio-computer (computer which can imitate the nervous system of a human being)
Transnominations – new words which appear to name the existing things or phenomena (semantic coloring)
e.g. slum=ghetto=inner town
Слайд 27Types of neologisms
Classification by Dubenez, E.M.
Semantic neologisms – the lexical units
change their primary meaning to name new things or objects of reality
e.g. umbrella is used in the meaning of “political shelter”
Occasional neologisms – words created by writers, journalists, ordinary people and children
e.g. umbrella is used in the meaning of “political shelter”
Occasional neologisms – words created by writers, journalists, ordinary people and children
Слайд 28Occasional neologisms
Occasional neologisms are not created because of some necessity to
give a new name to an object, but as a result of somebody’s developed imagination or even mistake (ghost word)
e.g. dord (плотность) must have had another form D or D. It was wrongly registered in a dictionary.
e.g. dord (плотность) must have had another form D or D. It was wrongly registered in a dictionary.
Слайд 29Examples of occasional neologisms in Russian
Широкошумные дубровы (А.С. Пушкин)
Огнекистные веточки бузины
(М. Цветаева)
Открывалка, распакетить, перегрустить.
Я намакоронился. Смотри как налужил дождь. Я уже не мальчишечка, а большишечка.
Открывалка, распакетить, перегрустить.
Я намакоронился. Смотри как налужил дождь. Я уже не мальчишечка, а большишечка.
Слайд 30Causes of creating new words
Linguistic factor (it’s necessary to give a
name to a new object of reality)
Extra-linguistic factor (the development of new technologies, Internet, the brain of people producing words – “mini-word producing factory”)
Extra-linguistic factor (the development of new technologies, Internet, the brain of people producing words – “mini-word producing factory”)
Слайд 31Appearance of a neologism in communication
“Did you read MacWhoozit’s column today?”
“Year,
the man is a master at stating the obvious.”
“I know. I counted no less than four, uh, obviosities.”
“Obviosities? Is that a word?”
“Hmmm, let’s see. If you can describe something as curious, then you can call that thing a curiosity, right? So, if you can describe something as obvious, then why not call the thing an obviosity.”
Okay. But is it really a word?
“Well, it is now.”
“I know. I counted no less than four, uh, obviosities.”
“Obviosities? Is that a word?”
“Hmmm, let’s see. If you can describe something as curious, then you can call that thing a curiosity, right? So, if you can describe something as obvious, then why not call the thing an obviosity.”
Okay. But is it really a word?
“Well, it is now.”
Слайд 32Archaisms
A certain amount of words may drop out of the language
in the course of its history. This is a gradual process. Words grow old and perceived by the speakers as archaic.The disappearance of words may be caused by two factors:
Extra-linguistic factor
Linguistic factor
Extra-linguistic factor
Linguistic factor
Слайд 33Extra-linguistic factor
Extra-linguistic factor is the disappearance of a thing or a
notion because it became outdated and has no value for the nation. Words denoting such things are called historisms. These are numerous names for ancient weapons, types of boats, carriages, musical instruments, agricultural implements
e.g. sword, sabre, diligence, phaeton
e.g. sword, sabre, diligence, phaeton
Слайд 34Linguistic factor
Linguistic factor – a new name is introduced for
the notion that continues to exist
Two words with exactly the same meaning can not exist in the language for a long time. One of them is bound to change its meaning or disappear.
Two words with exactly the same meaning can not exist in the language for a long time. One of them is bound to change its meaning or disappear.
Слайд 35Three stages of turning a word into an archaism
Obsolescent words –
they sound a bit old-fashioned but they can still be used in the speech of the older generation, in literary works, in documents.
e.g. fraught with (full of), kin (relative), to swoon (to faint)
e.g. fraught with (full of), kin (relative), to swoon (to faint)
Слайд 36Three stages of turning a word into an archaism
Archaisms proper –
words are hardly ever used in the speech, but understandable to the speakers
e.g. methinks (it seems to me), nay (no), nether (low), very (real)
e.g. methinks (it seems to me), nay (no), nether (low), very (real)
Слайд 37Three stages of turning a word into an archaism
Obsolete words –
the words have dropped out of the language. They are no longer understood by the speakers.
e.g. lozel (никчемный человек)
e.g. lozel (никчемный человек)
