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Syntax and its basic notions. (Lecture 4. Part 1) презентация
Содержание
- 1. Syntax and its basic notions. (Lecture 4. Part 1)
- 2. Lecture outline The concerns of syntax. Syntax:
- 3. Syntax deals with the way words are
- 4. Syntax the sentence structure (the central concern
- 5. Syntax the means of grammatical connection of
- 6. Syntax from Greek ‘syn’ – together, ‘taxis’
- 7. Syntax The syntax of word-groups: the rules
- 8. Syntax: a historical perspective the sentence –
- 9. From Antiquity to nowadays sentence classification according
- 10. From Antiquity to nowadays Up to the
- 11. The Grammar of Port Royal "General and
- 12. The Grammar of Port Royal “the general
- 13. General grammar denied Comparative-historical view: language diversity
- 14. The 20th c. views of syntax Sentence
- 15. The 20th c. views of syntax Sentence
- 16. The 20th c. views of syntax Sentence
- 17. IC analysis
- 18. IC analysis
- 19. The 20th c. views of syntax Sentence
- 20. The kernel sentences (English) N V
- 21. Different “syntaxes” Traditional (structural and static): the
- 22. Different “syntaxes” Generative: universal deep and surface
- 23. Different “syntaxes” Constructional: constructional significance/insignificance of a
- 24. Different “syntaxes” Stylistic: syntactic units and functional
- 25. Different “syntaxes” Cognitive: syntactic constructions (utterances) and
- 26. The syntactic notions Syntactic unit: a combination
- 27. The syntactic notions Syntactic meaning: the way
- 28. The syntactic notions Syntactic position: the position
- 29. The syntactic relations Coordination (independence): word
- 30. The syntactic relations Subordination (dependence, difference linguistic
- 31. Syntactic relations Predication (interdependence): primary (the subject
Lecture outline The concerns of syntax. Syntax: a historical perspective. The syntactic theories: traditional and modern. Sentence models. The syntactic notions.
Слайд 2Lecture outline
The concerns of syntax.
Syntax: a historical perspective.
The syntactic theories: traditional
and modern. Sentence models.
The syntactic notions.
The syntactic notions.
Слайд 3Syntax
deals with the way words are combined;
the external functions of
words and their relationship to other words within the linearly ordered units – word-groups, sentences, texts;
the peculiarities of syntactic units, their behavior in different contexts.
the peculiarities of syntactic units, their behavior in different contexts.
Слайд 4Syntax
the sentence structure (the central concern of syntax);
the word groups as
parts of the sentences structure;
the syntactically connected groups of sentences.
the syntactically connected groups of sentences.
Слайд 5Syntax
the means of grammatical connection of words, the study of the
word-groups;
the formation of the sentence.
the formation of the sentence.
Слайд 6Syntax
from Greek ‘syn’ – together, ‘taxis’ – ordering);
grammatical structure of sentences
and word-groups and the regularities of their functioning in speech;
a subfield of linguistics, which studies the regularities describing word-groups and sentences, as well as the strucutre, features, and types of word-groups and sentences.
a subfield of linguistics, which studies the regularities describing word-groups and sentences, as well as the strucutre, features, and types of word-groups and sentences.
Слайд 7Syntax
The syntax of word-groups: the rules governing the combinability of words
with other words.
The syntax of sentences: types, features of the sentence, relations of words and word combinations in the sentence.
The syntax of sentences: types, features of the sentence, relations of words and word combinations in the sentence.
Слайд 8Syntax: a historical perspective
the sentence – the text (grammar – text
linguistics);
the place of syntactic studies in linguistics.
the place of syntactic studies in linguistics.
Слайд 9From Antiquity to nowadays
sentence classification according to the communicative goal (Aristotle);
two
important components in a sentence – the name and the verb (Plato);
the term was coined, the composite sentence (the Stoics).
the term was coined, the composite sentence (the Stoics).
Слайд 10From Antiquity to nowadays
Up to the 20th c.: logical vs. formal
and grammatical views of syntax.
Logical: language is the means of expressing thoughts, the “parts of thought” are reflected in and similar to the “parts of the sentences”.
Formal and grammatical: types and features of word-groups and sentences.
Logical: language is the means of expressing thoughts, the “parts of thought” are reflected in and similar to the “parts of the sentences”.
Formal and grammatical: types and features of word-groups and sentences.
Слайд 11The Grammar of Port Royal
"General and Rational Grammar, containing the fundamentals
of the art of speaking, explained in a clear and natural manner”;
1660 by Antoine Arnauld and Claude Lancelot.
1660 by Antoine Arnauld and Claude Lancelot.
Слайд 12The Grammar of Port Royal
“the general grammar”:
there’s a single and natural
way to express thought;
strict connection b/w the categories of thought and language;
all languages express the same categories.
! Chomsky
strict connection b/w the categories of thought and language;
all languages express the same categories.
! Chomsky
Слайд 13General grammar denied
Comparative-historical view:
language diversity was acknowledged;
no ‘natural way’ to express
thoughts;
logic is no longer the basis.
Psychologistic view:
syntax has to be based on psychology;
general syntax is impossible.
logic is no longer the basis.
Psychologistic view:
syntax has to be based on psychology;
general syntax is impossible.
Слайд 14The 20th c. views of syntax
Sentence models (by Barkhudarov)
“The parts
of the sentence” model (ancient grammars):
the primary – the subject and the predicate;
the secondary – the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier.
the primary – the subject and the predicate;
the secondary – the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier.
Слайд 15The 20th c. views of syntax
Sentence models (by Barkhudarov)
The distributive
model (Charles Fries):
the sentence is the sequence of words of specific word classes, which are used in particular grammatical forms.
The old man saw a black dog there.
D 3 1a 2-d D 3 1b 4
+ distribution; – linear, no distinction b/w certain different structures.
E.G.: English cities and villages vs. old men and children.
the sentence is the sequence of words of specific word classes, which are used in particular grammatical forms.
The old man saw a black dog there.
D 3 1a 2-d D 3 1b 4
+ distribution; – linear, no distinction b/w certain different structures.
E.G.: English cities and villages vs. old men and children.
Слайд 16The 20th c. views of syntax
Sentence models (by Barkhudarov)
IC model
the
sentence is hierarchically layered;
the sequence of classes of words + the syntactic relations b/w them;
allows to differentiate b/w the structures which are distributionally the same.
the sequence of classes of words + the syntactic relations b/w them;
allows to differentiate b/w the structures which are distributionally the same.
Слайд 19The 20th c. views of syntax
Sentence models (by Barkhudarov)
Transformational model
(Chomsky):
The endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations.
The kernel sentences can be extended (depends on the combinability).
The rules of analysis vs. the rules of generating.
The endless variety of sentences in a language can be reduced to a finite number of kernels by means of transformations.
The kernel sentences can be extended (depends on the combinability).
The rules of analysis vs. the rules of generating.
Слайд 20The kernel sentences (English)
N V (John came)
N
V р N (John looked at Mary)
N V N (John saw Mary)
N is N (John is a teacher)
N is p N (John is in bed)
N is D (John is out)
N is A (John is angry)
N V N (John saw Mary)
N is N (John is a teacher)
N is p N (John is in bed)
N is D (John is out)
N is A (John is angry)
Слайд 21Different “syntaxes”
Traditional (structural and static): the structure of the word-groups and
the sentence, their types, features, structural models.
Semantic or functional and semantic: abstract meanings of structural elements of the sentence (Charles Bally, modus vs. dictum).
Semantic or functional and semantic: abstract meanings of structural elements of the sentence (Charles Bally, modus vs. dictum).
Слайд 22Different “syntaxes”
Generative: universal deep and surface structures, rules of transformations, semantics
vs. structure.
Communicative: the dynamic view of the sentence – the utterance; their actual division (the theme (old) and the rheme (new)), intonation and word order.
Communicative: the dynamic view of the sentence – the utterance; their actual division (the theme (old) and the rheme (new)), intonation and word order.
Слайд 23Different “syntaxes”
Constructional: constructional significance/insignificance of a part of the sentence for
the whole syntactic unit; obligatory and optional environments of syntactic elements (I helped her yesterday).
Слайд 24Different “syntaxes”
Stylistic: syntactic units and functional styles, inversion, etc.
Text syntax: the
rules of connecting sentences in the context, the syntactic units and their roles in the expressiveness of the text.
Слайд 25Different “syntaxes”
Cognitive: syntactic constructions (utterances) and human knowledge; the creative character
of language.
Pragmatics: the way we use the syntactic units; Speech acts theory.
It’s cold here (stating a fact, expressing the will, threatening, etc.)
Pragmatics: the way we use the syntactic units; Speech acts theory.
It’s cold here (stating a fact, expressing the will, threatening, etc.)
Слайд 26The syntactic notions
Syntactic unit: a combination that has at least two
constituents; hierarchical; two-fold (syntactic meaning and form), communicative and non-communicative nature.
A word-group, a clause, a sentence, and a text.
A word-group, a clause, a sentence, and a text.
Слайд 27The syntactic notions
Syntactic meaning: the way in which separate word meanings
are combined to produce meaningful word-groups and sentences (Green ideas sleep furiously).
Syntactic form: distributional formula.
Syntactic function: the function of a unit on the basis of which it is included into a larger unit.
Syntactic form: distributional formula.
Syntactic function: the function of a unit on the basis of which it is included into a larger unit.
Слайд 28The syntactic notions
Syntactic position: the position of an element in a
sentence; very important for analytic languages.
Syntactic relations: the syntagmatic relations between the syntactic units.
Syntactic relations: the syntagmatic relations between the syntactic units.
Слайд 29The syntactic relations
Coordination (independence):
word group, sentence, text;
symmetric and asymmetric
(pens and pencils, ladies and gentlemen);
copulative (you and me), disjunctive (you or me), adversative (strict but just), causative-consecutive (He didn’t come, because…).
copulative (you and me), disjunctive (you or me), adversative (strict but just), causative-consecutive (He didn’t come, because…).
Слайд 30The syntactic relations
Subordination (dependence, difference linguistic rank):
word-group and sentence;
adverbial (to run
slowly), objective (to help a friend); attributive (a new house);
the head and the adjunct.
the head and the adjunct.
Слайд 31Syntactic relations
Predication (interdependence):
primary (the subject and the predicate): men worked;
secondary (non-finite
forms of the verb and nominal elements): his reading, for me to know, the boy running, I saw him run.
