SineWave презентация

системах электропитания и новые решения

T H E U N I N T E R R U P T I B L E P O W E R P R O V I D E R

www.mgeups.com

SineWave – активный кондиционер гармоник

MGE UPS SYSTEMS

Общие решения
Новое решение SineWave
Характеристики

conditioning

M.V.

Основной источник

Резервный источник

виртуально во всех системах ...
Они не всегда нарушают работу источников питания и нагрузок...
Качество питания достаточное на настоящий момент...
НО....!

появляются все чаще ...
Источники питания, автоматы защиты и кабели подвергаются пагубному влиянию гармонических токов ...
Неуклонное увеличение количества нелинейных нагрузок ...
гармоники могут нарушить работу в любое время...
Ваше оборудование в опасности ...!

Спектр кривой тока
Полезные советы

Гармоники: основные концепции

когда форма кривой тока имеет туже форму что и напряжение. Такой ток не имеет гармонических составляющих.
Примеры нагрузок: активное сопротивление в нагревательных приборах, индуктивная нагрузка в установившемся режиме (мотор, трансформатор, итд.).
нелинейная нагрузка:
нагрузка называется нелинейной когда форма тока потребления не совпадает с кривой потребления напряжения.Ток имеет высшие гармоники. Спектр гармоник зависит от типа нагрузки.
Терристорные источники питания, мотор в момент пуска, трансформаторы в момент включения.

Линейная и нелинейная нагрузки

U

I

U

I

f можно представить в виде суммы составляющих синусоидальных сигналов :
Основного синусоидального сигнала с частотой f, так называемой фундаментальной (h1) .
Синусоидальных составляющих с частотами кратными порядку сигнала, так называемыми гармониками (hn).
составляющей постоянного тока.
пример :

Состав периодического сигнала

y

h

h

t

t

t

(

)

(

)

(

)

=

+

1

3

y (t)

h1 (t)

h3 (t)

определяет ее частоту (множитель основной частоты).
Пример: при основной частоте 50 Гц, гармоника пятого порядка имеет частоту 5 x 50 = 250 Hz.

Спектр:
Спектр сигнала – это графическое представление зависимости амплитуды гармоники от ее частоты.

Спектр амплитуд гармоник
в отношении от основной

0

50

100

гармоника тока генерируется всеми однофазными нелинейными нагрузками single-phase non-linear loads (освещение , компьютерное оборудование, миникомпьютеры, etc.).
По нейтральному проводнику течет ток
3 x i h3 a также токи возникающие при несбалансированных фазах.
Сечение нейтрали должно учитываться ( в 1.7 раза больше фазного проводника для терристорных источников ).
Предпочтительнее по возможности использование системы TNS вместо TNC.

I1

I2

I3

In = 0

i1 (h3)

i2 (h3)

i3 (h3)

in = 3.i h3

периодического сигнала :

H1 = основная частота. H2, ..., Hn = высшие гармоники аббревиатура rms - Root Mean Square.

* пример. - подсчитаем rms тока однофазной нагрузки такой как PC :

I fund. = 56.2A; Ih3 = 27.2A; Ih5 = 2.7A; Ih7 = 9.2A; Ih9 = 7.8A.

= 63.6 A

(THD) :

Это отношение значения rms всех гармоник к значению основной гармоники (CIGREE определение)

THD

H

H

Hn

H

%

.

.

.

=

×

+

+

+

100

2

3

1

2

2

2

Отношение каждой гармоники :

Отношение значения rms гармоники порядка nth

к rms значению фундаментальной

× 100

к среднеквадратичному rms .

Крест фактор

Fc

=

Peak value

rms value

* Примеры крест факторов для различных нагрузок :

- линейная нагрузка ......................Fc = 1.414 =

- компьютерная нагрузка ................Fc = 2 to 2.5

- PC ..................................Fc = 2.2 to 3.5

:

Отношение активной мощности P а полной мощности S

P в ваттах (W) и S в вольт-амперах (VA).

Не путать коэффициент мощности со значением сдвига фазы

cos

ϕ

1

Пример вычисления:

Подсчитаем коэффициент мощности компьютерной нагрузки с активной

мощностью 12 кВт и средним током rms равным 74 A при 220V

синусоидальны, cos ϕ 1 равен
коэффициенту мощности

Сдвиг фазы

Сдвиг фазы "cos 1" Косинус угла образованный напряжением и током основной частоты.

P1 = активная мощность основной компоненты.

S1 = полная мощность основной компоненты.

* cos ϕ 1 , сдвиг фазы.

* Для компьютерной нагрузки, cos ϕ 1 около 1 и коэффициент мощности

λ

around 0.74.

ϕ

load, the distorsion factor defines the relationship between the power factor and the phase displacement factor

Distortion factor

- if the voltage and the current are perfectly sinusoidal, the distortion
factor is equal to 1, i.e. :

and commercial non-linear loads

Is

Diagram

Harmonic spectrum

28% H5, 5% H7, 6% H11, ...

Rectifier - charger

* 3-phase loads
* controlled Graetz bridges
generate high harmonic
currents of ranks 5, 7, 11, 13, ...

3-phase loads

THDI=124%

81% H5, 74% H7, 42% H11, ...

3-phase loads

Current drawn Is

Harmonic spectrum

44% H5, 17% H7, ...

0

50

100

H1

H3

H5

H7

H9

H11

H13

H15

H17

Diagram

S=8.5KVA Fc=2.4 THDI=93%

Single-phase loads

Current drawn Is

Harmonic spectrum

H5

0

50

100

H1

H3

H5

H7

Single-phase loads

Current drawn Is

Harmonic spectrum

monitor receivers

S=14KVA Fc=1.9 THDI=54%

H13

H15

* Lighting

48% H3, 16% H7, 13% H9...

Single-phase loads

Current drawn Is

Harmonic spectrum

of the total RMS current : overheating of all the equipment of the AC distribution system.
damage to the insulating material
lower electrical and mechanical efficiency of the loads
derating of generators and protection circuit breakers
damage to the neutral conductor
Effects due to the distorsion of the voltage : increase of the harmonic voltage distorsion (source, and end of the cable).
break down of sensitive electronic equipment
derating of the power supplies
flicker on ligthing and monitor screen .

Harmful effects : two types

accelerated
ageing

misoperations

THDU

Increased RMS current

electrical installation are concerned by these harmful effects. Many devices cause harmonic disturbances and at the same time are subject to both the instantaneous and long-term effects of harmonic currents, including :
Overconsumption of rms current.
Unnecessary tripping of protection devices.
Damage to capacitors and risk of resonance.
Additional heating of cables, transformers, motors and reactors.
Incorrect operation of sensitive loads.
Disturbance of remote control and telecommunications systems.
Vibrations and noise (rotating equipment, transformers, LV switchboards, ...).
...

Accelerate ageing of all the components of your installation...
YOUR PRODUCTION RESOURCES ARE IN DANGER.

levels of voltage disturbances that can be emitted or withstood by an electrical device (susceptibility - immunity - compatibility).
e.g. IEC 1000-2-2: fixes the level as a u.hn / Un expressed as a percentage.
* Harmonics standards fix the levels of current disturbances that can be emitted by an electrical device.
IEC 1000 -3-2 / EN 61000-3-2 : Concerns loads consuming In < 16 A / phases. Includes a class D specific to devices with RCD type power supplies and with power ratings 75 W < Pn < 600 W. (e.g. h3 = 2.3 A , h5 = 1.15 A ...).
IEC 1000 -3-4 / EN 61000-3-4 : Standard in preparation for loads consuming In > 16 A / phase with a maximum power of Pn = 250 kVA.
Industrial applications: e.g. in France, agreement of EDF required (automatic for low power devices, uncertain and retractable for others).
USA: IEEE 519-2, UK: G 5/4
Special regulation and tarifs from utilitites

Standards and rules : at present ...

Active harmonic conditioning
Topologies and principles

sources,
cables, etc.

transformers with
different couplings

tuned
filters

anti-harm.
reactors

p1 = p2

p1 = p2

h5 h7

L

- The harmonics are not
eliminated.
- Very costly.

2

limits h3 and multiples.

4

5

6

1

h7 (6-pulse bridge).

5

6

attenuates harmonics
at the tuning frequency.

decreases THD(i).

1

3

4

and

attenuate h5 and

SineWave range
Single-line diagram
Design and standard solution

load

IH. (harmonics)

I. conditioner

I load = I source + I conditioner

C2 - C3 precharge: R1 - K1.
attenuation filter F. chopping : Lf, Cf.
PWM converter: IGBT converter and C2 - C3 energy storage.
Current load sensors : CT1.
input protection: circuit breaker CB .

I_converter sensors: CT2.
control electronics including: - harmonic tapping module - regulation unit for Icnv and Udc as well as internal monitoring (overloads, faults). - converter control module.

R1

Cf

Lf

L1

CT2

K1

C2

C3

CONTROL
ELECTRONICS

Ih

Im

Udc

Control signals

CONVERTER

source

load

Extraction
of
harmonics

Regulation
and
monitoring

Generation
of control
signals

CT1

X

X

CB

A - 30 A - 45 A - 60 A - 90 A - 120 A

SW 20 - SW 30
20 A - 30 A

SW 45 - SW 60
45 A - 60 A

SW 90 - SW 120
90 A - 120 A

in mm

Dimensions and weight

H

W

D

SW 20 - SW 30 (20 and 30 A): = 680 * 540 * 280 . Weight: 65 Kg .
SW 45 - SW 60 (45 and 60 A): = 780 * 590 * 325 . Weight: 110 Kg .
SW 90 - SW 120 (90 and 120 A): 90 and 120 A = 2 identical enclosures = 780 * 590 * 325 . Weight: 2 x 110 Kg .

Small

size.

Easy

Integration!

complete

SineWave includes everything for a simple and functional basic solution: - EMC filter to comply with EN55011 level A and IEC 1000-4 - 7 languages user interface - diagnostic and maintenance menu - basic indications by 3 LEDs - relay contacts for remote indications - terminal blocks for power and sensor connections - large choice of current transformers : split or closed - compensation of harmonic currents and phase displacement ( cos 1).

solution.

and

complete

(Information available
via relay contacts)

features !

4 units

open or closed sensors
closed : optional
split : standard

RS 485 communications
port - JBUS protocol
monitoring software (98)

Extended features !

cable

Rating : 300/1, 500/1, 600/1, 1000/1, 1500/1, 2000/1, 3000/1, 4000/1 .

communications port and JBUS protocol
( for remote control,
alarms and measurements)

Remote
display unit
on switchboard
door

L max = 3 m.

L max = 1200 m.

Relay contact terminals :
2VA, 30V max., 1 A .

characters x 6 lines
7 languages (Dutch, French, German, Italian Spanish, UK English, US English)
Keypad (20 keys):
number keys ( 0 - 9 )
function keys ( F1-F2-F3 )
control keys ( ESC-ENT-
RUN - STOP keys with security cover.
On back of display unit:
SUBD9 connector
start-up disabling switch.

)

F1

RUN

help

menu-dependent

enter

escape

on

STOP

off

F2

F3

ENT

ESC

currents I1, I2, I3, In
* total harmonic distortion THDI
* SW load level for each phase
* mains phase-to-phase voltage

store

Other measurements

Alarms

* mains voltage and frequency outside tolerances - SW current limiting
* SW over-temperature - control/monitoring board fault - power supply
board fault - internal fault - start-up disabled.

ENT

* harmonic spectrum H2 to H13
and THDI of mains and load

ENT

password
* type of sensors (rating)
* neutral (distributed or not)
* remote on/off enable/disable
* reactive power compensation enable/disable
* harmonics Hn to be conditioned (H3 to H25)

JBUS communication

* slave address
* speed
* format
* parity
* stop bits

Identification

* serial number
* SW rating and type
* voltage and frequency
* installation with or without neutral
* software

Reserved access

* coded information for After-Sales support

Results for three-phase loads
Results for single-phase loads

V , - 20 % , + 15 %
phases : 3-phase with or without neutral. Compatible operation with single phase and unbalanced load
frequency : 50 Hz or 60 Hz, +/- 8 % auto-sensing
Compensation characteristics
harmonics covered : H 2 to H 25
type of compensation : harmonics - cos - mixed (Hn + cos )
compensation mode : overall or selective (specific harmonics) * Configuration of standard application (loads)
attenuation ratio : >10 at full load ( THDI)
cos 1 correction : up to 1
THDU reducing : according to the installation parameters, THDU reducing will be determinated by the SITE AUDIT
response time : < 40 ms in overall current compensation mode.
overload : automatical current limitation

Overall performance

charger

I phase = 237A
THDI = 28%
S = 156 kVA
Power factor = 0.82
Cos phi 1 = 0.86

I phase = 231 A
THDI (reduced by a factor of 10) = 2.8 %
S = 136 kVA
Power factor = 0.94
Cos phi 1 = 0.94

mains current without SineWave

mains current with SineWave
mixed compensation (Hn + rephasing)

= 37 A
THDI = 88 %
S = 8.2 kVA
Power factor = 0.63
Cos phi 1 = 0.84

I phase = 25A (-32%)
THDI (reduced by a factor of 9) = 9.5%
S = 5.5 kVA
Power factor = 0.99
Cos phi 1 = 1 (in fact limited to 0.94)

mains current without SineWave

mains current with SineWave
mixed compensation (Hn + rephasing)

Technical department of Air Traffic Control
Hewlett Packard

current requires one filter by frequency control at the same time of
control (bulky) several harmonics currents

freqency variation decrease of efficiency no influence
influence

impedance modification risk of resonance no influence
influence

current increase risk of overload and no risk of overload
influence destruction (less efficiency)

addition of equipment in some cases, modification without problems if AHC
(loads) of the filter is required current >load harm. current

control by harmonic order very difficult possible by customisation

fundamental frequency impossible possible by customisation
changing

overall dimensions, weight important small

Passive filter

Active harmonic filter

Operating configurations

S3

AHC

AHC

AHC

B

Secondary

switchboard

Main LV

Switchboard

(MLVS)

feeder MS1

feeder MS2

feeder MSn

LV

local conditioning

partial conditioning

overall conditioning

The installation point is chosen as a function of technical and economic criteria depending on : - available measurements - the required degree of conditioning.

= 7.5%, Fc = 1.46

Irms = 24.8A, THDI = 104.8%, Fc = 2.92

I mains

I load

Office
PC

Workstation

printer

Portable computer

MLVS

Computer
switchboard

3 current transformers may be connected to one SineWave (compensation of 3 different feeders).

connection of up to 4 SineWave units (same ratings).
* 1 common sensor.

Non-linear loads

common
sensor

modification

extension

SW 1

SW 2

used for instance to : - compensate feeder 2 for a particular harmonic (e.g. H3) using SW2
- compensate feeder 1 for all harmonics (e.g. H5, H7
H9 ...) using SW1, which also provides additional compensation of feeder 2 if required.

Secondary LV switchboard

sensor 1

sensor 2

SW 2

SW 1

feeder 1

Non-linear
loads

feeder 2

types of loads (single-phase or three-phase) and all spectrums. Ease of connection to the AC system.
FLEXIBILITY: * installation at any point in the installation (local, partial or overall conditioning). Total flexibility.
UPGRADABILITY: * harmonic conditioning capacity can be increased by parallel connection of up to 4 SineWave units.
PERFORMANCE: * THDI (total harmonic distortion of current) reduced by more than 10 times .
AVAILABILITY: * shunt topology for continuous power availability and current limiting for protection against overloads.
EASY INSTALLATION: * anywhere in the installation, in a LV switchboard or mounted on a wall, split toroids . Maximum ease of integration .
SAVINGS ON Gen Sets, Transformers * by reduction of the rms current consumed.

provider

Thank you for your attention