SDI 02 презентация

in the times of 'traditional mapping’:
1) Collection and distribution of geographic information used to be highly centralized or controlled by powerful government monopolies;
2) This pattern was established since the beginning of the history of mapping, and lasted for centuries, until very recent times;
3) It was a necessity that had never been challenged due to:
– The heavy costs and technology associated with traditional mapping;
– The long time-scales of mapping projects that often extended over several decades;

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part of the national/local assets – data mainly used by the government, for defense, taxes, planning and development;
5) The governments determined the collection of the information in specific types and formats required for its intended applications;

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a similar range of products was developed in many countries, which includes:
a) Cadasters, cadastral maps (scales from 1: 100 to 1: 5 000);
b) Large scale topographic maps for urban planning and development (scale from 1:500 to 1:10 000);
c) National base maps’ (medium scale, 1:20 000 to 1:100 000);
d) Small scale maps (1:100 000 and smaller);

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use mentioned main ‘basic maps’:
a) As a template;
b) As a common reference;
c) For building upon this ‘basic information’ the thematic data and applications that were required;
8) Tacit cross-border interoperability also existed:
a) Needs across borders being very comparable;
b) National products across borders were also quite similar;
c) If edge-matching was not always evident, anyone from country 'A' would be able to read and use a paper map from country 'B with no special effort required.

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old 'mapping monopoly' was shaken, particularly with the development of desktop GIS:
a) Usage and type of applications is now incredibly diverse;
b) GI has become a mass-market product on its own or is found integrated in hard- and software solutions;
c) Nearly anyone can create their own maps, thanks to the use of desktop mapping, GIS, GPS surveying, satellite imagery, scanning and intelligent software;
2) GIS technology is been employed in many different areas and in newer fields of applications, as computer hardware and GIS software applications provide improved capabilities at reduced cost;

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support GIS applications remains relatively high compared with the hardware and software required for GIS;
b) GIS users tend to develop their own data sets, even if there are existing geospatial data sets available for them, because:
– They may not know available existing data sets that could be appropriately used for their applications;
– Access to these data sets was difficult;
– They are not used to sharing data sets with other sectors and/or organizations;
– Existing geospatial data sets stored in a certain GIS system may not be easily exported to another system;

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sets have been poorly documented in a standardized manner and consequently:
a) There have been duplicate efforts in geospatial data development;
b) This sometimes hinders further dissemination of GIS applications in local, national, regional and global circumstances;

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characterized by:
a) Many actors involved in data collection and distribution;
b) A proliferation of GI applications, product types, and formats;
c) Duplication as a consequence of the difficulties to access the existing data, and the highly specific quality of the data collected;
d) Increasing difficulty in the exchange and use of data that came from different organizations.
Note. Actor – coherent set of roles that users of an object (entity) can play when interacting with the object (entity).

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SDI
1. The development of consistent reusable themes of base cartographic content:
– Is recognized as a common ingredient in the construction of national and global SDIs to provide common data collection schemas.
Note. Schema – formal description of a model, particularly in the form of scheme, diagram, graphic etc.

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data etc.;
3. Sometimes they are used as synonyms which, concerning SDI, in general means 'basic spatial information' or 'basic spatial data sets':
a) Which are a set of basic, principal, above all necessary GIS layers or sets of such layers that in general accomplish the functions of 'digital basic maps' ('digital background maps');
b) Which includes, as usual, information on:
– Geodetic network;
– Relief;
– River network;
– Transport network;
– Boundaries of administrative-territorial division and some other spatial features.

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Core data;
c) Framework data, including fundamental data.

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the geodetic and leveling networks that give the surveyors the physical links to a coordinate system;
2) This has recently and dramatically changed with satellite positioning technologies, but the principle remains that the primary reference is what gives access to geodetic coordinates;
3) We are not really concerned with this type of reference here, because;
a) It is generally not a part of the geographic information (GI) that is used in GIS applications, but rather its background;
b) Very often it is even not visible.

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generally more closely related to the real world;
2) It includes concrete themes, such as:
a) Infrastructure – roads, railways, power-lines, settlements, etc.;
b) Physical features – terrain elevation, hydrography, etc.;
3) It includes also less tangible features that have nonetheless a significant role in human life:
a) Administrative boundaries;
b) Cadastral parcels;
c) Postal addresses, etc.;
4) All these features are keys that allow one to relate, to ‘refer’, external information to the real world, through the media of its GI representation;
5) Therefore they may be considered as comprising a reference for the GI user – the ‘reference data’ in the broad sense.

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be also considered as being the common denominator of all GI data sets, being so because being used by most applications;
– We can see that such approach to the core data is very compatible with those deriving from the concept of the ‘reference data’.

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which:
a) Core data – a data set that is necessary for optimal use of many other GIS applications, i.e. that provides a sufficient spatial reference for most geo-located data;
b) Examples: The geodetic network; the spatial cadastral framework;
c) Core data may refer to the fewest number of features and characteristics required to represent a given data theme.

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help improving spatial data interoperability:
a) Such interoperability complications exist at different levels, and they can be found in four main types:
– Сross-border: edge matching between different data sets;
– Cross-sector: data sets created for different sector-based applications;
– Cross-type: e.g. raster- vs. vector-data;
– Overlap: same features coming from different sources and process;
b) Resolving the related issues will need a mix of three ingredients:
– The technology;
– The adoption of a common concept of ‘core data’;
– The political support that will help resourcing the necessary key implementations.

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core data sets between users in order to facilitate the development of GIS:
1) Although there may be many data providers, the data sets they provide must be integrated to develop core data sets;
2) By sharing the cost of developing the core data, data development cost can be minimized and shared between users;
3) The users have to spend only a minimum amount of cost for the core data in their GIS applications;
4) Core data sets would provide GIS users with the most up-to-date and highest quality data sets publicly available.

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a global or at least multi-national environment;
2) Global Map is one illustration of this:
a) The Japanese Geographical Survey Institute took an initiative in 1992 to develop a suite of global geospatial data (Global Map) to cope with the global environmental problems;
b) The goal is to involve national mapping organizations to collaboratively develop global geospatial data sets;
c) By incorporating national mapping organizations of the world, the collected information would be most up-to-date and assured of being free of national security issues;

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of the concept of a suite of ‘core data’ for GSDI in concert with similar framework data sets at regional and national levels;
3) Core data, as represented by Global Map and other national initiatives:
a) Do not comprise the only data available within a national or global SDI;
b) SDI capabilities enable the documentation and service of all types of geospatial data, such as:
– Local scientific or engineering projects,
– Regional or global remote sensing activities,
– Environmental monitoring.

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often defined through community and/or national agreements on content, known as "framework" or "fundamental" data in various national SDIs.
2. Framework data – basic geographic data incorporating the most common data themes that geographic data users need, as well as an environment to support the development and use of those data.

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geographic data with content specifications;
b) Procedures, technology, and guidelines that provide for integration, sharing, and use of these data;
c) Institutional relationships and business practices that encourage the maintenance and use of data.
4. The framework data represents a foundation on which organizations can build by adding their own detail and compiling other data sets.

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regional groups and/or industry groups require a comparable national coverage in order to achieve their corporate objectives and responsibilities;
b) A subset of the framework data.
6. Existing data content may be enhanced, adjusted, or even simplified:
a) To match a national or global framework specification;
b) To help the data exchange.

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of organizations spend billions of dollars each year producing and using geographic data;
b) Yet, they still do not have the information they need to solve critical problems;
2) Framework data initiatives will greatly improve this situation by leveraging individual geographic data efforts so data can be exchanged at reasonable cost by government, commercial, and nongovernmental contributors;
3) It provides basic geographic data in a common encoding and makes them discoverable through a catalogue (See Theme 4) in which anyone can participate;
4) Using Web mapping and advanced, distributed GIS technology in the future, users can perform visual cross-jurisdictional and cross-organisational analyses and operations, and organizations can funnel their resources into applications, rather than duplicating data production efforts.

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data, such as utilities;
2) Users of small-scale, limited geographic data, such as:
a) Street networks;
b) Statistical areas;
c) Administrative units;
3) Data producers who create detailed data as a product or a service;
4) Data producers who create low-resolution, small-scale, limited themes for large areas;
5) Product providers who offer software, hardware, and related systems;

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Consulting services;
7) Non-profit and educational institutions which:
a) Create and use a variety of geographic data;
b) Provide GIS-related services;
8) All organizations that build national and regional framework efforts by coordinating their data collection and development activities based on intersecting interests within a community.

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TC 211 Geomatics standardization activity is working on two related areas of endeavor that will greatly assist in the global specification of content models and feature models for framework and non-framework data.
2. These include:
1) ISO 19109 - Rules for application schema;
2) ISO 19110 - Feature cataloguing methodology.

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rules for defining an application schema, including the principles for classification of geographic objects and their relationships to an application schema";
2) In principle, using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), software applications that provide access to geospatial data, such as framework, would be defined in a consistent way so as to improve sharing of data between applications and even allow for real-time interaction between applications;
3) Expressing the encoding of an application schema using Geography Markup Language (GML) is a new technique to formalize the packages of information being exchanged between providers and users of spatial data.

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used to develop computer-interpretable (data) models.
2. Geography Markup Language (GML) – an XML encoding for transport and storage of geographic information including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
3. Extensible Markup Language (XML) – a document creation language developed to replace HTML.

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is intended to define the approach and structures used for an information provider to store the identity, meaning, representation, and relationships of concepts or things in the real world as they are managed in online systems;
3) Feature catalogue acts as a dictionary for feature types or classes that can be used in software;
4) The definition of a single international, multilingual catalogue would have tremendous value.

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data content and/or encoding:
1) A project to develop framework specifications in Switzerland, known as InterLIS, has had marked success with this approach;
2) The Master Map of the Ordnance Survey in the United Kingdom and the Framework Data Content Standards under development in the United States are also documented as abstract application schemas and include GML encoding guidance to facilitate the exchange of data and development of applications that support the published models.

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layers may be considered to be common-use and of national or transnational importance as "framework" data.
2. Framework data layers commonly nominated in national context include:
1) Cadastral information;
2) Geodetic control;
3) Geographic feature names;
4) Orthoimagery;
5) Elevation;
6) Transportation;
7) Hydrography (surface water networks);
8) Governmental units.

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has been removed so that ground features are displayed in their true planimetric positions.
2.5. Candidate global data categories
1. The Global Mapping concept was articulated by the Ministry of Construction of Japan as a response to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Brazil in 1992.
2. Agenda 21 is an action program drawn up by the conference, and it clearly makes the case that global baseline spatial data is important to society's interaction with the environment.

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addressing the compilation of suitable spatial data products from existing international and national sources;
2) This provides a public set of reference data at trans- national to global scales to assist decision-makers and society in depicting global environmental concerns;

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purpose spatial data layers originally based on:
1) VMAP Level 0 (also known as Digital Chart of the World) for vector themes;
2) Global Land Cover Characteristics Database from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for land cover, land use and vegetation;
3) The 30-second GTOPO30 product also hosted by the USGS.
5. Global Map Version 1.0 specifications for data organisation were adopted at the International Steering Committee for Global Mapping (ISCGM) meeting held in conjunction with the Third GSDI Conference in Canberra, Australia in November 1998.
6. As of February 2000, 74 countries are participating in the collection or aggregation of large-scale map products to update and package the above data sources.

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