Некоторые тенденции в развитии современной английской грамматики презентация

he are going shopping
3. Him and me are going shopping
4. Me and him are going shopping
a The cats need feeding
b The cats need fed

– используется неспециалистами в данной области
indexes – содержание книги
indices – «показатель» (математический термин)
antennae – используется биологами
antennas – в остальных сферах общения
genii – духи, домовые, джинны
geniuses – талантливые люди

ignores the adverse effect that a hostile media has on the situation here. (Newsweek)
That the Bank is hereby requested to open such accounts in the name of the Company as may be considered appropriate for the receipt of the Company’s moneys (стандартный договор AIB).
all these different musics (BBC)

you get plenty of car for your money
I’ve got too much nose and not enough chin.

реже her) trade with Romania.

Look at the little frog. Isn’t he sweet?

She’s about to fall (лесоруб о дереве)

drove back to Oxford on the Thursday (J. Archer) – «в четверг на той неделе»
Определенный артикль постепенно сменяется нулевым
в названиях книг и периодических изданий
The Radio Times – Radio Times
при превращении названия местности в название государства
The Lebanon – Lebanon
The Ukraine – Ukraine

the blanket over him. (укрылся одеялом не весь)
John hid the book behind himself. (книга касалась тела Джона)
John hid the book behind him. (касания не было)
I got on cultivating my old stale daily self. (A. Huxley)
You work your fool self to death, and what for? (E.K. Ganna)
It makes me sick to even think about it.
Curtis Fenton came on the line, his usual formal and always polite self.
There was no one on the island but their eight selves.

daily self.
You work your fool self to death, and what for?
Curtis Fenton came on the line, his usual formal and always polite self.
There was no one on the island but their eight selves.
CF.:
It makes me sick to even think about it.

of a new political alliance (BBC) – постпозитивное определение
A trial has begun in South Korea of former President S. – постпозитивное определение
He constructed a letter that observed the, to Occidentals, subtle politeness of Japan - между артиклем и определением
comparable facilities to ours (BBC) - при вклинении в определение определяемого существительного
She … enjoyed the feeling it gave her of being in the artistic know - во фразеологических словосочетаниях

нейтральный)
Whom do you suggest should do it? (do you think/suppose) – разговорный стиль
Who knows the answer? (= Кто-нибудь знает ответ?)
Who know the answer? (= Кто из вас знает ответ?)
Neither of us likes him. (нейтр.)
Neither of us like him. (разг.)
Each girl wore what she liked best. (нейтр.)
Each girl wore what they liked best. (разг.)
Each of them explained it in his/her own way. (нейтр.)
Each of them explained it in their own way. (разг.)
No one could have blamed themselves for that. (разг.)

subtle, clever, profound, simple, pleasant, stupid, tender, crude, plain, keen, true
(разг.)more good-looking = better-looking, more well-known = better-known
Maud’s the nicest of the two.
She works (the) hardest; her husband doesn’t know what work is.
Which mountain is (the) highest?
Who climbed (the) highest?
He behaves the most politely. (of all boys)
He behaves most politely. (весьма вежливо)
This book is very much about women (BBC) (…главным образом…)
It was very much to the taste of the public (BBC) (…весьма…)

официально-делового стиля)
We’ve a swimming pool in the village (краткая форма в нейтральном стиле)
Have you the money? (еще встречаются)
Had you the money? (встречаются крайне редко)
We haven’t got any bananas. (в данный момент в магазине нет)
We don’t have bananas. (магазин вообще не торгует бананами)

Наибольшую устойчивость проявляют клише, выражающие вероятность типа:
May God have mercy on your soul.
May it please the court.
May all your troubles be little ones.
Who may you be?
Who may I say is calling?
What may that mean?
А также просьбы с May I?

оттенка, разговорный стиль)

разговорном стиле BE при образовании форм будущего времени глагол will под вытесняет глагол shall (will - 4 раза на одну тысячу слов в устной речи, shall – 3 раза на десять тысяч слов).

и такими, использование которых ведет к изменению конструкции:
Shall I read?
Shall I come tomorrow? (нейтр.)
Should I come tomorrow? (разг.)
Would you like me to come tomorrow? (разг.)

предложениях в качестве модального в значении повторяющегося действия, часто вызывающего раздражение:
I feel sick. – Well, if you will eat so much, I’m not surprised.
А также для выражения высокой степени уверенности:
He will be home by now.
You will know that they are engaged.

sent me a Bill as I orderd him; wch I hope will serve me & bring me over, pray Gd [....]7 does not be delayd for it; but I have had very little from him this long time.
Did littering the streets not once be considered breaking the law?
(Does everyone get cards from others and be obliged to say, “No idea who they are”?

quite certain that little Tom will not be more reconciled to school by the end of the week. If he does not, however, I suppose you cannot come to Italy.
If you don’t be careful, you’ll …
I read your letter to-day and I could have cried to think you sometimes feel so far away, but one thing you need never feel, that you don’t live and talk and be here just as much as if you were.
If the taxi driver …was having a dig at me … why didn’t he stop and be a witness?

отмечаются как нестандартые:

‘Who’s ‘they’? Why don’t you all get together and be ‘they’ yourselves?’

знании им ситуации в настоящем или прошлом):
I can’t star the computer. You must have to know a password.
He wasn’t at home. He must have had to go out unexpectedly.

to do - отсутствие необходимости, обусловленное либо внешними не зависящими от говорящего обстоятельствами, либо решением об отсутствии необходимости, принятым другим лицом:
As you worked late yesterday you needn’t come in until 10.00 tomorrow morning (решение говорящего)
We’ve been told that we don’t have to be at work until 10.00 tomorrow (ссылка на решение другого лица)

want today? – вместо Do you want

Аналогичным образом употребляются и глаголы I wanted/thought/hoped.

never spoken better. (on this occasion)
I think it’s one of the most delightful things that ever was written.
Did you ever see such a sight in your life as three blind mice?
I never spoke to her in my life.
She has bad nights recently.
He’s got his two-finger ball .., fastest ball you ever see.

months since J.V. joined.
Since when do you allow reporters to say…
I feel since then that I’m in the know.
It’s a long time since breakfast. (since + noun)
He (had) already walked to school before I could offer him a ride.
I ate lunch after my wife came (had come) home.

from your lawyer shortly. (получать известия)
Даже: Are you hearing me? (BBC)
The matron (at Guy’s Hospital) does not know all she should be knowing about this affair.
I feel I’m knowing the city for the first time. (узнавать)
Gene is looking healthy these days (временное, недавно достигнутое состояние)

официальности, чем глаголы в форме Indefinite:

I hope you can lend me $10. (Надеюсь…)
I am hoping you can lend me $10. (Хотел бы надеяться …)
Please, let us know what time you plan to arrive. (планируете)
What time are you planning to arrive? (собираетесь)
I look forward to seeing you. (буду ждать новой встречи)
I am looking forward to seeing you again. (буду рад увидеться)

I am not working in any dairy, I am not getting out in the sunshine.
He was coming to see me yesterday (собирался, но не пришел)
Will you be using the car tomorrow?
I won’t see him again (два толкования – «я его больше не увижу»; «я не хочу его больше видеть»)
I won’t be seeing him again («я его больше не увижу»).

оттенком модального значения для выражения предположения говорящего о том, что могло происходить в определенный момент времени в прошлом:
Motorist Alan Hesketh will have been asking himself whether speed cameras are a good idea after he was fined $400 last week for driving at 33 mph in a 30 mph zone.

изъявительного наклонения в предложениях типа:

I insist that he do it.
I insist that he be admitted ….
I insist that a meeting be held.
It is essential that nuclear weapons are banned.