Measuring and mapping 2017 -part 1 презентация

the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from others” (G. Hofstede)

Cultural dimensions are value constructs, which can be used to describe a specific culture.

Values are a “desirable transsituational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in the life of a person or other social entity” (S. Schwartz)

that are physical.
These would include architecture, clothes, foods, art, eating utensils, and the like. In today’s world, advertising, texts, architecture, art, mass media, television, music, the Internet, Facebook, and Twitter are all physical, tangible, and important artifacts of culture (Lamoreaux & Morling, in press; Morling & Lamoreaux, 2008).
A recent study actually analyzed millions of digitized books—about 4% of all books ever printed—to investigate cultural trends over time (Michel et al., 2011) and demonstrated changes in vocabularies, grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology.

parts of a culture that do not survive people as physical artifacts (psychological processes such as attitudes, values, and beliefs, as well as behaviors).

sharing by all those who belong to the group according to need
Authority ranking (AR) – paying attention to status and divide according to rank
Equality matching (EM) – accent is on equality and equal sharing
Market pricing (MP) – proportionality between you give and receive

that subsist on hunting, fishing, and food gathering tend to be simple;
agricultural societies tend to be somewhat complex;
industrial societies tend to be more complex;
informational societies are the most complex.
Associated with higher complexity are:
settlement size, level of political integration, population density, complex social stratification; a lot of different occupations; much of expressive realm of culture (art, music, dance, games, religion), value of time etc.

to in-group goals
Self is defined in terms of membership in in-groups which influence social behavior
Collectivists tend to :
Be concerned about the results of their actions on in-group
Share resources with in-group
Feel interdependent
Feel involved in the lives of in-group

are correlated ( .3 -.4)

economic deprivation also associates with IND
Migrations
Social mobility
Urban residence
The more complex the culture the more IND it is

units of social perception

Relationships are the figure; the individual is in the background

Individuals as the basic units of social perceptions
The individual is the figure; relationships are in the background

1. FOCUS ON

from others
Failure is attributed to external factors

Behavior explained by reference to personality, traits, principles, attitudes.
Success is attributed to ability.
Failure is attributed to lack of effort

2. ATTRIBUTIONS

fit the situation
Know more about others than about self
Have few self-linked memories
Self includes achievement for the group

Defined as an independent entity
Change the situation to fit the self
Know more about self than about others
Have many self-related memories
Self includes achievement for self-glore

3. SELF

are greatly values

Of short duration

4. GOALS

be most frequently self-focused (anger)

5. EMOTIONS

context dependent

Focus on my needs, rights, capacity (contracts)

Cognitions are context independent.

6. COGNITIONS

emotional detachment from in-group

7. ATTITUDES

8. NORMS

Favor embededness in in-group

Favor independence from in-group

action»
Persistence

Pleasure, achievement, competition, freedom, autonomy, fair, exchange.
Concern for «the truth» vs «action consistent with important principles»

9. VALUES

10. MAJOR CALAMITY

Ostracism

Dependence on others

concern for their integrity.
Large families; rapid population growth
Self-sacrifice for groups is «natural»
In-group perceived as more homogenious than out-group
In-group harmony is required
Conflict with out-group is expected

Many; relationships are casual, little emotional involvement
Small families, static population
Less willingness to self-sacrifice for in-group
In-group perceived as more heterogenious that out-group
Debate, confrontation are accepted
Conflict with out-group is accepted but not desired

11. IN-GROUPS

in-group vs out-group
Most behavior occurs in small groups
Most interaction is between an individual and groups

Only somewhat different when the other person belongs to in- vs out-group
Much behavior occurs when individual is alone or in couples
Most interaction is between an individual and one other individual

12. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

of the basic problem of human inequality);
2. Uncertainty Avoidance (level of stress in a society in the face of an unknown future);
3. Individualism versus Collectivism (integration of individuals into primary groups);
4. Masculinity versus Femininity (division of emotional roles between women and men);
5. Long Term versus Short Term Orientation (focus for people's efforts: the future or the present and past);
6. Indulgence versus Restraint (gratification vs control of basic human desires related to enjoying life).

powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally

will be driven by competition, achievement and success. A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life.
The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).

threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the Uncertainty Avoidance score

impulses. Relatively weak control is called “indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “restraint”.

of ‘HERMES’ employees
Country-level analyses (values as characteristics of nations)
Country scores are available on the Internet:
http://spectrum.troy.edu/~vorism/hofstede.htm
(see also http://www.geert-hofstede.com/)

all members of the population
Countries are multicultural
Stability of country differences sometimes questioned
IND/COL and PDI often show strong, negative correlations