Слайд 1Lecture#01
Beginning of telecommunication
The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State University of Telecommunications
Series of
lectures
“Telecommunication networks”
Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: sokolov@niits.ru
Слайд 2Systems and Networks (1)
System is a set of interacting or interdependent
entities forming an integrated whole.
Telecommunication network is generally considered as complicated system.
Complicated system is a system composed of many interacting parts that can be studied using probabilistic models and statistical methods.
Some main features:
structure,
controlling subsystem and controlled one,
evolution.
Слайд 3Systems and Networks (2)
To take
To carry
Слайд 4Terminology: “to take – to carry” (1)
Three main statements:
To accomplish the
task within the time interval not exceeding
a certain threshold T0;
Not to spill out the juice with volume more than V0;
Not to allow penetration of strange substances with concentration over P0.
Слайд 5Terminology: “to take – to carry” (2)
Three main statements:
To accomplish the
task within the time interval not exceeding
a certain threshold T0;
Not to spill out the juice with volume more than V0;
Not to allow penetration of strange substances with concentration over P0.
Слайд 6Terminology: “to take – to carry” (3)
Three main statements:
To accomplish the
task within the time interval not exceeding
a certain threshold T0;
Not to spill out the juice with volume more than V0;
Not to allow penetration of strange substances with concentration over P0.
Слайд 7Terminology: “to take – to carry” (4)
Telecommunications system functions during the
transfer of the information between points and can be represented by three statements:
To deliver information within a time, not exceeding the threshold T0;
Not to lose a perceptible part of the information, allowing the loss being not more than V0;
Not to allow distortion of the information over the level P0.
Слайд 8Earliest methods of communications
Whistle (sound),
Fire,
Smoke,
Smell,
Mark (pictures),
etc.
Слайд 9Snail Telegraphy (1)
Type of signal propagation is unknown.
Слайд 10Snail Telegraphy (2)
French occultist named Jacques Toussaint Benoit was convinced that
any two snails that had once mated remained forever in telepathic contact, no matter the distance between them. Touch one, and its mate would move. Based on this principle, Benoit devised a pair of contraptions consisting of 24 snails glued to the bottom of a bowl, each representing a different letter of the alphabet. Each snail’s mate was affixed, with a corresponding label, to a receiving device that could be installed anywhere in the world. “Space was not considered by snails…” writes Sabine Baring-George in the 1889 book Historic Oddities and Strange Events.
Слайд 11Acoustic Mirrors Across the Channel
The massive concrete acoustic mirrors, or “listening
ears,” lining the southeast coast of England were built between the world wars to monitor the skies for the telltale sounds of airborne invasion. The Sound Mirrors Project plans to construct two such acoustic mirrors on opposite sides of the 25-mile-wide English Channel, precisely positioned so as to allow international parabolic communication.
Слайд 12Optical telegraph (1)
Claude Chappe
The semaphore or optical telegraph is an
apparatus for conveying information by means of visual signals with towers with pivoting blades or paddles, shutters, in a matrix, or hand-held flags, etc. Information is encoded by the position of the mechanical elements. It is read when the blade or flag is in a fixed position. In modern usage it refers to a system of signaling using two handheld flags.
Слайд 14Important milestone
Electrical communications (telecommunications) is the branch of electrical engineering dealing
with the transmission and reception of information. Information can be transmitted over many different types of pathways, such as satellite channels, underwater channels, telephone cables, and fiber-optic links. Characteristically, any communications link is subjected to interference. The receiver never receives the information-bearing waveform as it was originally transmitted. Rather, what is received is, at best, the sum of what was transmitted and noise. In reality, what is more likely to be received is a distorted version of what was transmitted. Consequently, the design and implementation of a communications link are dependent upon statistical signal-processing techniques in order to provide the most efficient extraction of the desired information from the received waveform.
Слайд 15First steps (1)
Hans Cristian Ersted
Modern electronic communications, everything from the
telephone to the internet began as a result of a chance observation in 1819. Hans Christian Ersted, a Professor of Natural Philosophy in Copenhagen, Denmark, was giving a lecture to his class on the subject of electricity; at that time, a new and exciting discovery was made.
Слайд 16First steps (2)
André-Marie Ampère
André-Marie Ampère was a French physicist who
is generally credited as one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the Ampere, is named after him. Ampère's fame mainly rests on the service that he rendered to science in establishing the relations between electricity and magnetism, and in developing the science of electromagnetism, or, as he called it, electrodynamics.
Слайд 17First steps (3)
Baron Pavel L'vovitch Schilling was a diplomat of Baltic
German origin in service of Russia in Germany who constructed a revolutionary new telegraph, consisting of a single needle system in which a code was used to indicate the characters.
Слайд 18First steps (4)
Wilhelm Eduard Weber
Wilhelm Weber was the second of three
brothers, all of whom were distinguished by an aptitude for the study of science. In 1831, on the recommendation of Gauss, he was called to Göttingen as professor of physics, although but twenty-seven years of age. His lectures were interesting, instructive, and suggestive. Gauss and Weber constructed the first electromagnetic telegraph in 1833, which connected the observatory with the institute for physics in Göttingen.
Слайд 19First steps (5)
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was
a German mathematician and scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, electrostatics, astronomy, and optics. Sometimes known as "the prince of mathematicians" and "greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had a remarkable influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians.
Слайд 20First steps (6)
Oliver Heaviside
Heaviside worked as a telegrapher. That drew him
into the study of electricity. Then he read Maxwell's new “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism”, and it seemed to have mystical beauty. It changed his life. He gave electric theory its modern shape and form. One of the main results:
Слайд 21First steps (7)
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April
2, 1872) was an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code. He was a generous man who gave large sums to charity. He also became interested in the relationship of science and religion and provided the funds to establish a lectureship on “the relation of the Bible to the Sciences”.
Samuel Morse
Слайд 22First steps (8)
Alexander
Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was called "the father
of the deaf". With both his mother and wife deaf, he studied hereditary deafness in order to better understand the affliction. His research on hearing and speech led him to experiments with hearing devices that eventually culminated in the telephone. Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the invention of the telephone in 1876. Although other inventors had claimed the honor, the Bell patent remained in effect.
Слайд 23First steps (9)
Pavel Golubitsky was one of the first Russian specialists
in the field of telephony.
Pavel Golubitsky
Phone designed in 1885
Слайд 24First steps (10)
Alexander Stepanovich Popov was a Russian physicist who was
the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic (radio) waves, although he did not care to apply for a patent for his invention. Beginning in the early 1890s he continued the experiments of other radio pioneers. In 1894 he built his first radio receiver, a version of the coherer. Further refined as a lightning detector, it was presented on May 7, 1895 — the day has been celebrated in the Russian Federation as "Radio Day".
Alexander Popov
Слайд 25First steps (11)
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi (25 April 1874 – 20
July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".
Слайд 26First steps (12)
Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla was an inventor, mechanical engineer,
and electrical engineer. He was an important contributor to the birth of commercial electricity, and is best known for his many revolutionary developments in the field of electromagnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Tesla's patents and theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current (AC) electric power systems, including the polyphase system of electrical distribution and the AC motor. This work helped usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.
Слайд 27First steps (13)
Hedy Lamarr
Hedy Lamarr (November 9, 1913 – January 19,
2000) was an Austrian-American actress who was a major contract star of MGM's "Golden Age".
Lamarr and Antheil submitted the idea of a secret communication system in June 1941. On August 11, 1942, US Patent was granted to Antheil and "Hedy Kiesler Markey", Lamarr's married name at the time. It was early version of frequency hopping. Lamarr's and Antheil's frequency-hopping idea serves as a basis for GSM networks and Bluetooth connections.
Слайд 28International Telecommunication Union
ITU is the leading United Nations agency for information
and communication technologies. As the global focal point for governments and the private sector, ITU's role in helping the world communicate spans 3 core sectors: Radiocommunication, Telecommunication Standardization and Telecommunication Development. ITU also organizes TELECOM events and was the lead organizing agency of the World Summit on the Information Society.
ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its membership includes 192 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and Associates.
Слайд 29ETSI
ETSI was created by CEPT (European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations) in 1988. Based in Sophia Antipolis (France), ETSI is officially responsible for standardization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) within Europe. ETSI has 696 members from 62 countries/provinces inside and outside Europe, including manufacturers, network operators, administrations, service providers, research bodies and users — in fact, all the key players in the ICT arena.
Слайд 30Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (1)
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs
model in 1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development.
Слайд 31Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (2)
Telephone conversations
Слайд 32Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: sokolov@niits.ru
Homework
Write an essay about telecommunication
history in your country.