CSSTEAP
Fourth Postgraduate Course in Satellite Communication ISRO, SAC, Ahmedabad, INDIA, August 1, 2003 – April 31, 2004
IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
CSSTEAP
Fourth Postgraduate Course in Satellite Communication ISRO, SAC, Ahmedabad, INDIA, August 1, 2003 – April 31, 2004
IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
ANTENNA DESIGN
CONCLUSION
ANTENNAS APPLICATIONS
SATCOM-IV Fourth Postgraduate Course in Satellite Communication
SATCOM-IV Fourth Postgraduate Course in Satellite Communication
The first radio antennas were built by Heinrich Hertz in Karlsruhe, Germany. In 1886, he assembled apparatus we would now describe as a complete radio system operating at meter wavelengths with a dipole as the transmitting antenna and a resonant square-loop as receiver. With mankind’s activities expanding into space, the need for antennas began to grow very fast. The future of antennas reaches reaches to the stars.
There are many types of antennas. Basically four main types of antenna can be defined in satellite communication:
- WIRE ANTENNAS (HELIX)
- HORN ANTENNAS
- ARRAY ANTENNAS
- REFLECTOR ANTENNAS
Different antennas perform different functions.
Wire antennas, linear or curved, are some of the old-est, simplest and cheapest.
Array antennas is the 3rd basic type of antennas, consist of a number of radiating elements which can be electrically coupled
Reflector antennas take many geometrical configurations. Some of the most popular shapes are the plane, corner and curved reflectors (especially the parabolic). So I have pleasure to consider basically parabolic antennas, which are most applicable in satellite communication.
Parabolic reflector antennas can be clas-sified into the two groups: - Center fed reflector antennas; - Offset fed reflector antennas;
Parabolic reflector antennas are the most desirable candidate for spacecraft antennas because of it’s lightweight, structural simplicity and design matu-rity.
Single reflector
(center fed)
c)
Single reflector
(offset fed)
a)
Single reflector
(offset fed)
b)
Single reflector
(offset fed)
c)
EFFICIENCY
POLARIZATION
EQUIV. NOISE TEMPERATURE
The GAIN is the useful measure describing performance of an antenna. Although the GAIN of antenna is closely related the directivity, it is a measure that takes into account the efficiency of the antenna as well as it’s directional capabilities. The gain can be calculated using the formula:
Where: - eff. app. of antenna
- wavelength
- directivity
- antenna efficiency
Where: - effective aperture of antenna;
- wavelength
is used to
take into account losses at the input terminals and within the structure of antenna. Reflection, conduction and dielectric losses may be due, referring to the picture:
Total efficiency is equal to:
Every object with a physical temperature above absolute zero (0K = - 273°C) radiate energy. And antenna noise temperature is equal to:
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