church leadership IN THE NEW TESTAMENT www.EdwardFudge.com презентация

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PART ONE: SLIDES 3-66 WHAT DO WE FIND, AND WHAT SHOULD WE IMITATE? __________________________________________________________________ PART TWO: SLIDES 68-107 WOMEN IN THE NEW TESTAMENT (CHURCH)

Слайд 1
church leadership
IN THE NEW TESTAMENT



www.EdwardFudge.com

Слайд 2
PART ONE: SLIDES 3-66
WHAT DO WE FIND, AND WHAT SHOULD WE

IMITATE?
__________________________________________________________________

PART TWO: SLIDES 68-107
WOMEN
IN THE NEW TESTAMENT (CHURCH)

Слайд 3SESSION
1

Слайд 4
OUR FOREFATHERS ASSUMED . . .

“The New Testament is as perfect

a constitution for the worship, discipline and government of the New Testament church . . . as the Old Testament was for the worship, discipline and government of the Old Testament church.”

Thomas Campbell, Declaration and Address, (1809)

Слайд 5 
JAMES W. THOMPSON 
Professor of New Testament
Abilene Christian University
________________________________________________________________
BUT WHAT IF .

. .
We come to the conclusion of this study seeking answers that the New Testament, with its variety of witnesses, did not seek to answer. The New Testament offers no uniform view of ministry to be used to deal with our problems over roles and models of ministry.”
James W. Thompson, “Ministry in the New Testament,” Restoration Quarterly, 27:3 (1984), p. 155.

Слайд 6 

OUR QUESTION CHANGES . . .











“We seek enlightenment afresh in

the New Testament, not for a legalistic reproduction of its details, but to heed, in the light of the gospel, the message that it contains."

Eduard Schweizer, Church Order in the New Testament: Studies in Biblical Theology (London: SCM Press, 1961), p. 19.

Слайд 7 the place to begin . . .

And Jesus called them

to him and said
to them, "You know that those who are considered rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority over them. But it shall not be so among you. But whoever would be great among you must be your servant, and whoever would be first among you must be slave of all. For even the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.“ (Mark 10:42-45 ESV)

Слайд 8FIRST IN JERUSALEM

Слайд 9
What happened at Jerusalem?

First reported church decision
First act of organization
Jerusalem conference
Other

early glimpses
Observations

Слайд 10First reported ‘church’ decision

Acts 1


  12Then they returned to Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet, which is near Jerusalem, a Sabbath day's journey away.  13When they had entered the city, they went up to the upper room where they were staying; that is, [the Eleven Apostles]. 14These all with one mind were continually devoting themselves to prayer, along with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with His brothers. (continued)

Слайд 11 First reported ‘church’ decision (Acts 1:12-26)
 
 15At this time Peter stood up

in the midst of the brethren (a gathering of about one hundred and twenty persons was there together), and said, 16"Brethren, the Scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit foretold by the mouth of David concerning Judas . . . . 24And they prayed and said, "You, Lord, who know the hearts of all men, show which one of these two You have chosen . . . .

Слайд 12 The Eleven (Apostles)
The Women
Mary, Jesus’ mother
Jesus’ brothers
The 120 disciples

_______________

DECISION-MAKING:
persons near to Jesus
grounded in Scripture
divinely led

Слайд 13First act of ‘organization’

Слайд 14First act of ‘organization’
Admin. team appointed to meet need (Acts 6)

 1Now

at this time while the disciples were increasing in number, a complaint arose on the part of the Hellenistic Jews against the native Hebrews, because their widows were being overlooked in the daily serving of food.  2So the twelve summoned the congregation of the disciples and said, "It is not desirable for us to neglect the word of God in order to serve tables. (continued)

Слайд 15first act of ‘organization’
  3"Therefore, brethren, select from among you seven men

(andres) of good reputation, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we may put in charge of this task.  4"But we will devote ourselves to prayer and to the ministry of the word."
 5The statement found approval with the whole congregation; and they chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, and Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas and Nicolas, a proselyte from Antioch.  6And these they brought before the apostles; and after praying, they laid their hands on them.

Слайд 16Jerusalem conference

Слайд 17Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)
1Some men came down from Judea and began

teaching the brethren, "Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved."  2And when Paul and Barnabas had great dissension and debate with them, the brethren determined that Paul and Barnabas and some others of them should go up to Jerusalem to the apostles and elders concerning this issue. . . .  
4When they arrived at Jerusalem, they were received by the church and the apostles and the elders, and they reported all that God had done with them . . . (continued)

Слайд 18Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)
6The apostles and the elders came together to

look into this matter.”
_____________________________________________
THE PROCESS
1. State present positions.
2. See what God is doing now.
3. Listen to Scripture afresh in that light.
4. Propose solution in keeping with gospel.
5. Obtain agreement.
6. Announce Spirit-led decision.
_____________________________________________


Слайд 19Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

1. State present positions . . .

7 After

there had been much debate,


Слайд 20Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

2. See what God is doing now .

. .

Peter stood up and said to them, "Brethren, you know that in the early days God made a choice among you, that by my mouth the Gentiles would hear the word of the gospel and believe.  8"And God, who knows the heart, testified to them giving them the Holy Spirit, just as He also did to us;  9and He made no distinction between us and them, cleansing their hearts by faith. . . .

Слайд 21Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

2. See what God is doing now .

. .

12 All the people kept silent, and they were listening to Barnabas and Paul as they were relating what signs and wonders God had done through them among the Gentiles.


Слайд 22Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

3. Listen to Scripture afresh in that light

. . .

13 After they had stopped speaking, James answered, saying, "Brethren, listen to me. 14"Simeon has related how God first concerned Himself about taking from among the Gentiles a people for His name. 15"With this the words of the Prophets agree, just as it is written [in Amos 9:11-12],

Слайд 23Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

3. Listen to Scripture afresh in that light

. . .

16 'After these things I will return, and I will rebuild the tabernacle of David which has fallen, and I will rebuild its ruins, and I will restore it, 17 so that the rest of mankind may seek the LORD, and all the Gentiles who are called by my name,’ 18 says the LORD, who makes these things known from long ago.’

Слайд 24Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

4. Propose solution in keeping with gospel

. . .

19 Therefore it is my judgment that we do not trouble those who are turning to God from among the Gentiles,  20but that we write to them that they abstain from things contaminated by idols and from fornication and from what is strangled and from blood . . . .

Слайд 25Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

5. Obtain agreement . . .

 22

Then it seemed good to the apostles and the elders, with the whole church, to choose men from among them to send to Antioch. . . [with] this letter … :

Слайд 26Jerusalem conference (Acts 15)

6. Announce Spirit-led decision . .

.

"The apostles and the brethren who are elders, to the brethren . . . from the Gentiles, greetings . . . 25 it seemed good to us, having become of one mind, to select men . . . who . . . will also report . . . by word of mouth. 28 "For it seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us to lay upon you no greater burden than these essentials: 29 that you abstain from things sacrificed to idols and from blood and from things strangled and from fornication . . . .”

Слайд 27Other early glimpses
ACTS 4
“32 And the congregation of those who believed

were of one heart and soul; and . . . . all things were common property to them.  33And with great power the apostles were giving testimony to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and abundant grace was upon them all.  34For there was not a needy person among them, for all who were owners of land or houses would sell them and bring the proceeds of the sales  35and lay them at the apostles' feet, and they would be distributed to each as any had need.”

Слайд 28Other early glimpses
ACTS 9
“26When [Saul] came to Jerusalem, he was trying

to associate with the disciples; but they were all afraid of him, not believing that he was a disciple. 27But Barnabas took hold of him and brought him to the apostles and described to them how he had seen the Lord on the road, and that He had talked to him, and how at Damascus he had spoken out boldly in the name of Jesus.  28And he was with them, moving about freely in Jerusalem, speaking out boldly in the name of the Lord.”

Слайд 29Other early glimpses
ACTS 11

29 So the disciples [in Antioch] determined, everyone according

to his ability, to send relief to the brothers living in Judea. 30 And they did so, sending it to the elders by the hand of Barnabas and Saul.

Слайд 30Other early glimpses
ACTS 12
17 But motioning to them with his hand to

be silent, [Peter] described to them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, “Tell these things to James and to the brothers.” Then he departed and went to another place.

Слайд 31 Other early glimpses

ACTS 21

17 When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers

received us gladly. 18 On the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present. 19 After greeting them, he related one by one the things that God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry.

Слайд 32 OBSERVATIONS FROM JERUSALEM

Apostles

James

Elders

Congregation

the Seven


Слайд 33 OBSERVATIONS FROM JERUSALEM


APOSTLES

* primarily witnesses/teachers
* authority = moral, proximity to Jesus
* no succession or

transfer of position

Слайд 34 OBSERVATIONS FROM JERUSALEM


JAMES

* brother of Jesus (James 1) and of

Jude (Jude 1)
* apostle -- not of 12 (Gal. 1:19)
* authority = moral, proximity to Jesus
* no succession or transfer of position

Слайд 35 OBSERVATIONS FROM JERUSALEM


ELDERS

* mysteriously appear in Acts 11:30
* no explanation of appointment, qualities,

work
* disappear after Acts 15 (except in passing - 21:18)
* apparently continued from Judaism

Слайд 36 OBSERVATIONS FROM JERUSALEM


CONGREGATION

* involvement taken for granted
* no

mention of any majority vote


Слайд 37 OBSERVATIONS FROM JERUSALEM


OTHER (THE SEVEN)

* ad hoc appointment, based on need
* no

precedent or provision mentioned
* ‘qualifications’ spiritual and practical

Слайд 38SESSION
2

Слайд 39VILLAGE/TRIBAL ELDERS (‘ALDERMEN’)

Слайд 40
Village or tribal elders
So Joseph went up to bury his

father. With him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his household, and all the elders of the land of Egypt (Gen. 50:7).

Then Moses called all the elders of Israel and said to them, “Go and select lambs for yourselves according to your clans, and kill the Passover lamb” (Ex. 12:21).

You are standing today all of you before the LORD your God: the heads of your tribes, your elders, and your officers, all the men of Israel . . . (Deut. 29:10).

Слайд 41First-century Judaism's elders

* Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem

and said, “Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat” (Matt. 15:1-2).

* And [Jesus] began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes and be killed, and after three days rise again (Mark 8:31).

* On the next day their rulers and elders and scribes gathered together in Jerusalem (Acts 4:5).

Слайд 42 NT communities – elders mentioned

(*known Jewish presence)
*Judea (Acts 11:30)
*Jerusalem (Acts 15; 21:18)
*unidentified Jewish community (James 5:14)
*Iconium, Lystra, Derbe (Acts 14:23)
*Ephesus (Acts 20:17; 1 Tim. 5:1-2, 17, 19)
*Crete (Titus 1:5; 2:2-6)
*Pontus , Galatia, *Cappadocia, *Asia, Bithynia (1 Peter 5:1-5)
Unknown (2 John 1; 3 John 1)

Слайд 43 NT communities - no elders mentioned

Samaria
Antioch
Hebrews (locale ?)
Corinth
Philippi
Thessalonica
Rome


Слайд 44A SPIRITUAL FAMILY . . . 

are these generic terms or

titles?



“Do not sharply rebuke an older man (presbuter-
os), but rather appeal to him as a father, to the
younger men as brothers, the older women
(presbuteras) as mothers, and the younger
women as sisters, in all purity.” (1 Tim. 5:1-2)
  

Слайд 45 A SPIRITUAL FAMILY
(Titus 2:1-6) 

But as for you, teach what accords with

healthy doctrine.

Older men (presbutas) are to be sober-minded, dignified, self-controlled, sound in faith, in love, and in steadfastness.
Older women (presbutidas) likewise are to be reverent in behavior, not slanderers or slaves to much wine. They are to teach what is good, and so train the young women.
[Younger women] love their husbands and children, to be self-controlled, pure, working at home, kind, and submis-sive to their own husbands, that the word of God may not be reviled.
Likewise, urge the younger men to be self-controlled.

Слайд 46functions of Christian elders

(whether aldermen or seniors)

general administrative oversight (Acts 11:30)
general spiritual oversight (Acts 15; 21:18)
oversee = watch, care for, help (Acts 20:28-35)
rule = lit. preside -> word, teaching (1 Tim. 5:17)
instruct, rebuke (Titus 1:9)
anoint & pray for healing (James 5:14)
shepherd, be example (1 Peter 5:1-5)

Слайд 47 NT communities - no mention of elders

Samaria
Antioch
Hebrews (locale ?)
Corinth
Philippi
Thessalonica
Rome


Слайд 48 IF NOT ‘ELDERS,’ THEN WHAT?

prophets & teachers (Acts 13:1ff)
leaders (Heb.

13:7, 17 - hegoumenos)
administrations (Rom. 12:28 - cuberneseis)
servants, ministers, deacons (Phil. 1:1 - diakonos)
overseers, bishops (Phil. 1:1 - episkopos)
co-worker (Rom. 16:3 - synergos)
those who have charge over you (1Thes. 5:12 - prohistamenos)
-- one who leads (Rom. 12:8 - prohistamenos)
-- leader, patroness, helper (Rom. 16:2 - prostatis)

Слайд 49Functions performed

prophets = speak word from God (local & temporary)
teachers =

explain & apply gospel and scripture
leaders (hegoumenos) = lead
administration (cuberneseis) = steer, govern, administer
servants, ministers, deacons (diakonos) = serve
overseers, bishops (episkopos) = watch over, oversee
co-worker (synergos) = Pauline associates
those who have charge over (prohistamenos) = preside, govern, provide for

Слайд 51 

Paul’s favorite metaphor for God’s people is “the BODY of

Christ.”
   
Always “member” of the BODY 
Never “member” of the CHURCH



A LIVING ORGANISM --
NOT AN ORGANIZATION

SPIRIT-GIVEN

Слайд 52Summary: church leadership top three truths
Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.

Spiritual

leaders exercise grace-gifts, not worldly qualifications.

Bible identifies people to acknowledge, not technical qualifications for office.

Слайд 53 1. Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.






CAUTION: Do not confuse

spiritual leadership with political position.

Слайд 541. Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.
JESUS STATES IT –

”And

Jesus called them to him and said to them, ‘You know that those who are considered rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority over them. But it shall not be so among you. But whoever would be great among you must be your servant, and whoever would be first among you must be slave of all. For even the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.’” (Mk. 10:42-45)

Слайд 551. Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.
PETER APPLIES IT –
“So

I exhort the elders among you, as a fellow elder and a witness of the sufferings of Christ, as well as a partaker in the glory that is going to be revealed: shepherd the flock of God that is among you, exercising oversight, not under compulsion, but willingly, as God would have you; not for shameful gain, but eagerly; not domineering over those in your charge, but being examples to the flock. And when the chief Shepherd appears, you will receive the unfading crown of glory. Likewise, you who are younger, be subject to the i Clothe yourselves, all of you, with humility toward one another, for ‘God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble.’” (1 Peter 5:1-5)

Слайд 561. Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.

PAUL

DESCRIBES IT – when correcting
___________________

“Do not rebuke an older man but encourage him as you would a father, younger men as brothers, older women as mothers, younger women as sisters, in all purity.” (1 Tim. 5:1-2)

Слайд 571. Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.
PAUL DESCRIBES IT –

when controversy arises
___________________

Have nothing to do with foolish, ignorant controversies; you know that they breed quarrels. And the Lord's servant must not be quarrelsome but kind to everyone, able to teach, patiently enduring evil, correcting his opponents with gentleness. God may perhaps grant them repentance leading to a knowledge of the truth, and they may come to their senses and escape from the snare of the devil, after being captured by him to do his will. (2 Tim. 2:23-26)

Слайд 581. Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.
PAUL

DESCRIBES IT – when dealing with divisive person
___________________

“But avoid foolish controversies, genealogies, dissensions, and quarrels about the law, for they are unprofitable and worthless. As for a person who stirs up division, after warning him once and then twice, have nothing more to do with him, knowing that such a person is warped and sinful; he is self-condemned.” (Titus 3:9-11)

Слайд 59 2. Spiritual leaders exercise grace- gifts, not worldly qualifications.






CAUTION: Do not focus on

worldly achievements when choosing leaders.

Слайд 60 2. Spiritual leaders exercise grace-gifts, not worldly qualifications.
SO UNDERSTAND YOUR OWN MINISTRY

–
“For by the grace given to me I say to everyone among you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but to think with sober judgment, each according to the measure of faith that God has assigned. For as in one body we have many members, and the members do not all have the same function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another. Having gifts that differ according to the grace given to us, let us use them: . . . the one who teaches, in his teaching; the one who exhorts, in his exhortation; the one who leads, with zeal; the one who does acts of mercy, with cheerfulness” (Rom. 12:3-8)

Слайд 61 2. Spiritual leaders exercise grace-gifts, not worldly qualifications.
SO VIEW OTHER BELIEVERS –

“Now

you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. And God has appointed in the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracles, then gifts of healing, helping, administrating (cyberneseis), and various kinds of tongues” (1 Cor. 12:27-28)

Слайд 62 2. Spiritual leaders exercise grace-gifts, not worldly qualifications.
BE A FAITHFUL STEWARD FOR

GOD’S GLORY –

“As each has received a gift, use it to serve one another, as good stewards of God's varied grace: whoever speaks, as one who speaks oracles of God; whoever serves, as one who serves by the strength that God supplies—in order that in everything God may be glorified through Jesus Christ. To him belong glory and dominion forever and ever. Amen.” (1 Peter 4:10-11)

Слайд 63 3. Bible identifies gifted people, not legal qualifications.






CAUTION: Do not confuse technical
‘qualifications’

with spiritual character.

Слайд 64 3. Bible identifies gifted people, not legal qualifications.

-- NO ONE PICTURE –

1 Timothy 3 Titus 1

Service title overseer, seniors,
(bishop) (elders)

Descriptives 15 comments 16 comments

only five descriptives exactly same
* One-woman man * self-controlled * hospitable
* not a drunkard * not violent

Слайд 65 3. Bible identifies gifted people, not legal qualifications.
HALF

OF DESCRIPTIONS ARE EXPRESSED NEGATIVELY – MOST ARE RELATIVE TERMS (1 Tim. 3:1-7)

above reproach not a drunkard
one-woman man not violent
sober-minded gentle
self-controlled not quarrelsome
respectable not a lover of money
hospitable manages household well
able to teach not a recent convert

well thought of by outsiders

Слайд 66church leadership: top three truths
Spiritual leadership involves lowly service, not legal power.

Spiritual

leaders exercise grace-gifts, not worldly qualifications.

Bible identifies people to acknowledge, not technical qualifications for office.

Слайд 67END OF FIRST TOPIC

Слайд 68WOMEN IN THE NEW TESTAMENT
(CHURCH)

Слайд 69Evangelical Christians disagree
Complementarian
Hierarchical view
compleMENtarian

The Council on Biblical Manhood & Womanhood
www.cbmw.org
John

MacArthur, Lane Dennis, Beverly LaHaye, F. LaGard Smith, Hudson Armerding, J.I. Packer


Egalitarian
Total gender equality
eGALitarian

Christians for Biblical Equality
www.cbeinternational.org

Tony Campolo, Richard Foster, Ward Gasque, Gordon Fee, Roger Nicole, Aida B. Spencer


Слайд 70
JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)
_____________________________________

Anna announced infant Jesus as Messiah
Women companions/sponsors in ministry
Mary of Bethany a rabbinic pupil
Women first to witness the tomb empty
Mary Magdalene first to see Risen Jesus
Mary Magdalene first ‘apostle’ to apostle

Слайд 71JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)

Anna announced infant Jesus as Messiah (Luke 2)

36 And there was a prophetess, Anna, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher. She was advanced in years, having lived with her husband seven years from when she was a virgin, 37 and then as a widow until she was eighty-four. She did not depart from the temple, worshiping with fasting and prayer night and day. 38 And coming up at that very hour she began to give thanks to God and to speak of him to all who were waiting for the redemption of Jerusalem.

Слайд 72JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)

Women companions/sponsors in ministry (Luke 8)

1 Soon afterward he went on through cities and villages, proclaiming and bringing the good news of the kingdom of God. And the twelve were with him, 2 and also some women who had been healed of evil spirits and infirmities: Mary, called Magdalene, from whom seven demons had gone out, 3 and Joanna, the wife of Chuza, Herod's household manager, and Susanna, and many others, who provided for them out of their means.

Слайд 73JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)

Mary of Bethany a rabbinic pupil (Luke 10)
38 Now as they went on their way, Jesus entered a village. And a woman named Martha welcomed him into her house. 39 And she had a sister called Mary, who sat at the Lord's feet and listened to his teaching. 40 But Martha was distracted with much serving. And she went up to him and said, “Lord, do you not care that my sister has left me to serve alone? Tell her then to help me.” 41 But the Lord answered her, “Martha, Martha, you are anxious and troubled about many things, 42 but one thing is necessary. Mary has chosen the good portion, which will not be taken away from her.”

Слайд 74
"She is ‘sitting at his feet’; a phrase which doesn’t mean

what it would mean today, the adoring student gazing up in admiration and love at the wonderful teacher. As is clear from the use of the phrase elsewhere in the NT (for instance, Paul with Gamaliel), to sit at the teacher’s feet is a way of saying you are being a student, picking up the teacher’s wisdom and learning; and in that very practical world you wouldn’t do this just for the sake of informing your own mind and heart, but in order to be a teacher, a rabbi, yourself. Like much in the gospels, this story is left cryptic as far as we at least are concerned, but I doubt if any first-century reader would have missed the point.“

-- N.T. Wright, "Women’s Service in the Church: The Biblical Basis,“ St John’s College, Durham, England (September 4, 2004).

Слайд 75JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)

Mary Magdalene first to see Risen Jesus (John 20)

11 But Mary stood weeping outside the tomb, and as she wept she stooped to look into the tomb. 12 And she saw two angels in white, sitting where the body of Jesus had lain, one at the head and one at the feet. 13 They said to her, “Woman, why are you weeping?” She said to them, “They have taken away my Lord, and I do not know where they have laid him.” 14 Having said this, she turned around and saw Jesus standing, but she did not know that it was Jesus. (continued)

Слайд 76JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)

. . . first to see Risen Jesus

15 Jesus said to her, “Woman, why are you weeping? Whom are you seeking?” Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, “Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away.” 16 Jesus said to her, “Mary.” She turned and said to him in Aramaic,  “Rabboni!” (which means Teacher).

Слайд 77JESUS AND WOMEN

(worth & work)

Mary Magdalene first ‘apostle’ to the apostles (John 20)

17 Jesus said to her, “Do not cling to me, for I have not yet ascended to the Father; but go to my brothers and say to them, ‘I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God.’” 18 Mary Magdalene went and announced to the disciples, “I have seen the Lord”—and that he had said these things to her.

Слайд 78CONSIDER CONTEMPORARY ATTITUDE

“Put not trust in a single witness, but let

there be three or at least two, whose evidence shall be accredited by their past lives. From women let no evidence be accepted because of the triviality and rashness of their sex; neither let a slave bear witness because of the baseness of their soul, since whether from greed or fear it is likely that they will not attest the truth.
-- Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 4.219.

Слайд 80WOMEN

IN THE

WRITINGS

OF PAUL

Слайд 81 PAULINE PRINCIPLE


Galatians 3

27 For as many

of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. 28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.

Слайд 82Apostle (?)
Apostolic co-workers
and laborers
Spirit-filled prophets
Spirit-filled pray-ers
Leader, ruler,

patron
Teacher
Deacon/minister
Mentors/trainers
Spiritual mother

SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Слайд 83 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH


Apostle (?) – Junia

 Rom. 16:7

-- Greet Andronicus and Junia, my relatives and my fellow prisoners, who are outstanding among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.
________________

1. Junias (masc.) = ASV, NASB, RSV, HCSB, NIV
2. Junia (feminine) = KJV, NKJV, NRSV, ESV, TNIV

Слайд 84 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Apostle (?)

– Junia

“Greet Andronicus and Junia . . . who are outstanding among the apostles” (Romans 16:7): To be an apostle is something great. But to be outstanding among the apostles—just think what a wonderful song of praise that is! They were outstanding on the basis of their works and virtuous actions. Indeed, how great the wisdom of this woman must have been that she was even deemed worthy of the title of apostle.
- John Chrysostom (344/54-407)

Слайд 85 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Apostolic fellow-worker

& laborer

Rom. 16:3 – Greet Prisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus . . .

Phil. 4:3 – Yes, I ask you also, true companion, help these women, who have labored side by side with me in the gospel together with Clement and the *rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the book of life.

*Timothy (Rom. 16:21) *Mark (Phil. 4:10)
*Titus (2 Cor. 8:2-3) *Luke (Philemon 24)

Слайд 86 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH


Apostolic fellow-worker

& laborer

1 Cor. 16:15 – Now I urge you, brothers — you know that the household of Stephanas were the first converts in Achaia, and that they have devoted themselves to the service of the saints— 16 be subject to such as these, and to every fellow-worker and laborer.

Слайд 87 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Spirit-filled prophets

1 Cor. 11:5

-- but every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head . . .

Слайд 88 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Spirit-filled pray-ers

1 Cor. 11:5

-- but every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head . . .

Слайд 89 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Leader, ruler, patron

Rom. 16:1

-- I commend to you our sister Phoebe . . . 2 that you may welcome her in the Lord in a way worthy of the saints, and help her in whatever she may need from you, for she has been a patron [prostatis] of many and of myself as well.


Слайд 90 PROSTATIS

Feminine form found only here in Bible.

Lit. = Presider,

president, leader, patron, provider.

O.T. = This noun (masc. form) is used of “supervisors of the king’s work” (1 Chron. 29:6) and of men “who worked for Solomon as supervisors” (2 Chron. 8:10).

N.T. = Verb used for “those who have charge over” (1Thes. 5:12 -proistamenos) and of “one who leads” (Rom. 12:8 –proistamenos).

Слайд 91 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Teacher

Acts 18:24 -- Now a

Jew named Apollos, a native of Alexandria, came to Ephesus. He was an eloquent man, competent in the Scriptures. 25 He had been instructed in the way of the Lord. And being fervent in spirit, he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, though he knew only the baptism of John. 26 He began to speak boldly in the synagogue, but when Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him and explained to him the way of God more accurately.

Слайд 92 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Deacon/Minister – Phoebe

Rom.

16:1 -- I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant [diakonos] of the church at Cenchreae . . .


Слайд 93 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Mentors/trainers

Titus 2:3-5 -- Older women

likewise are to be reverent in behavior, not slanderers or slaves to much wine. They are to teach what is good, 4 and so train the young women to love their husbands and children, 5 to be self-controlled, pure, working at home, kind, and submissive to their own husbands, that the word of God may not be reviled.

Слайд 94 SOME WOMEN IN THE EARLY CHURCH

Mothers

Rom. 16:13 -- Greet

Rufus, chosen in the Lord; also his mother, who has been a mother to me as well.

Слайд 95SESSION
2

Слайд 96What about 1 Cor. 14:34-35?
CORINTH

Слайд 97
1 Corinthians 14
Paul tells three unruly groups to zip the lip.
1.

27 If any speak in a tongue, let there be only two or at most three, and each in turn, and let someone interpret. 28 But if there is no one to interpret, let each of them keep silent (sigao) in church and speak to himself and to God.

Слайд 98
1 Corinthians 14
Paul tells three unruly groups to zip the lip.
2.

29 Let two or three prophets speak, and let the others weigh what is said. 30 If a revelation is made to another sitting there, let the first be silent (sigao) . . . . 33 For God is not a God of confusion but of peace.

Слайд 99
1 Corinthians 14
Paul tells three unruly groups to zip the lip.
3.

34 the women should keep silent (sigao) in the churches. For they are not permitted to speak, but should be in submission, as the Law also says. 35 If there is anything they desire to learn, let them ask their husbands at home. For it is shameful for a woman to speak in church.

Слайд 100What about 1 Tim. 2?
EPHESUS

Слайд 1011 Timothy 2 – Setting

Timothy at Ephesus to rebut false teaching

(1 Tim. 1:3).

Involved something “falsely called knowledge (gnosis)” (1 Tim. 6:20).
Speculations and myths concerning the Law of Moses (1 Tim. 1:4-7).
Targeted church women (2 Tim. 3:6-7), perhaps spread by young widows (1 Tim. 5:11-13).
Forbidding marriage (1 Tim. 4:3).
Requiring abstinence from certain foods (1 Tim. 4:3).
Resurrection spiritualized and said to be past (2 Tim. 2:17-18).

Слайд 102 1 Timothy 2 – Vocabulary & Translation

8 I

wish therefore to pray the men in every place the men should pray, lifting holy hands without anger or quarreling; 9 likewise also that women should adorn themselves in respec-table apparel, with modesty and self-control, not with braided hair and gold or pearls or costly attire, 10 but with what is proper for women who profess godliness—with good works.”
__________

In this reading, as in 1 Corinthians 11, men and women alike are praying. Paul corrects the men’s attitudes, and the women’s clothing and demeanor, to commend and enhance the gospel .

Слайд 103 1 Timothy 2 – Vocabulary & Translation

Throughout 1

Tim. 2:8-15, the words translated “man” (aner) and “woman” (gyne) also mean “husband” and “wife.”

_____________

At times, a generic reading (“man” and “woman”) seems to fit better. However, the background of the particular false teaching at Ephesus, plus Paul’s references to Adam and Eve, suggest that the focus is on the husband/wife relationship throughout this passage.

Слайд 104 1 Timothy 2 – Vocabulary & Translation

“11 Let

a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness. 12 I do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.”
_______________

The underlined words both translate a Greek word (hesychia) which means “quietness” rather than “silence.” Paul uses the adjective form of the same word (hesychios) in verse 2, “. . . that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life.” See also 2 Thess. 3:12, where Paul commands believers “to do their work quietly (hesychia) and to earn their own living.”

Слайд 105 1 Timothy 2 – Vocabulary & Translation

“12 I

do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.”
_______________

The verb Paul usually uses to express the idea of having authority is exousiazein. Here, however, Paul uses a verb that occurs nowhere else in the New Testament. It is a very strong verb (authentein) that means “to domineer,” “to overthrow, usurp authority,” “to act as a tyrant,” “to willfully enforce for oneself.” The noun in the same word family (authentes), meant in classical Greek either a “murderer” or an “absolute ruler.”

Слайд 106 1 Timothy 2 – Vocabulary & Translation

“12 I

do not permit a woman to teach or to exercise authority over a man; rather, she is to remain quiet.”
_______________

Dr. Carroll Osburn (Women in the Church, 246-252), urges that the second verb underlined above explains the verb before it. This has Paul saying: “I do not permit a woman to teach domineeringly over a man.” Or perhaps, “I do not permit a wife to teach domineeringly over a husband.” This could reflect the situation at Ephesus, where some women/ wives reject marriage and declare themselves totally independent of men/ husbands, based on false “knowledge” or gnosis.

Слайд 107equal? timeless? universal?

1. I urge that . . . Prayers

. . . be made . . . for kings
2. I desire . . . Men . . . pray, lifting holy hands
3. Women adorn selves . . . not with braided hair
4. and gold . . . or pearls . . . or costly attire
5. Let a woman learn quietly with all submissiveness
6. I do not permit (here? now?) a woman to teach
7. or to exercise authority over a man
8. rather, she is to remain quiet
9. Yet she will be saved through childbearing

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