Sullivan, Th. 2011. Introduction to Social Problems
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The Study of Social Problems презентация
Содержание
- 1. The Study of Social Problems
- 2. What is a Social Problem? C.
- 3. Objective Elements of Social Problems Awareness of
- 4. Subjective Elements of Social Problems The belief
- 5. What is a Social Problem? A social
- 6. The Social Context of Social Problems
- 7. Types of Social Norms Folkways - customs
- 8. Social Institutions An institution is an
- 9. Culture Culture is defined as the meanings
- 10. Elements of Culture Beliefs are definitions and
- 11. Elements of Culture Norms Socially defined rules
- 12. Theoretical Approaches on Social Problems A theoretical
- 13. The Functionalist Perspective Society is a system
- 14. The Conflict Perspective Society consists of different
- 15. Conflict Theories of Social Problems There are
- 16. Marxist Conflict Theories According to Marxist theorists,
- 17. Non-Marxist Conflict Theories Concerned with conflict that
- 18. The Interactionist Perspective Interactionism focuses on everyday
- 20. Research on Social Problems Science is
- 21. Stages of Conducting a Research Study Formulating
- 22. Variable Any measurable event, characteristic, or property
- 23. Hypothesis A prediction about how one variable
- 24. Four Types of Sociological Research
- 25. Assessing Data Sampling problems Upon whom or
- 26. Future Prospects Solutions to social problems can
- 27. Who Provides Solutions? “Collective action” means that
- 29. Should we solve the problems? Can
- 30. International Perspectives Reasons to look at other
What is a Social Problem? C. Wright Mills distinguished between personal troubles and public issues Personal troubles are things that affect individuals and their immediate surroundings
Слайд 1 The Study of Social Problems
Follow: Mooney, L. A. 2013. Understanding
social problems
Sullivan, Th. 2011. Introduction to Social Problems
Sullivan, Th. 2011. Introduction to Social Problems
Слайд 2What is a Social Problem?
C. Wright Mills distinguished between personal troubles
and public issues
Personal troubles
are things that
affect individuals
and their immediate
surroundings
Public issues
have an impact
on large numbers
of people
and are matters
of public debate
Слайд 3Objective Elements of Social Problems
Awareness of social conditions through life experiences
and through reports in the media.
We see the homeless, hear gunfire in the streets, and see battered women in hospital emergency rooms.
We read about employees losing their jobs as businesses downsize and factories close.
We see the homeless, hear gunfire in the streets, and see battered women in hospital emergency rooms.
We read about employees losing their jobs as businesses downsize and factories close.
Слайд 4Subjective Elements of Social Problems
The belief that a particular social condition
is harmful to society or to a segment of society and that it should and can be changed.
We know crime, drug addiction, poverty, racism, violence, and pollution exist.
These are not considered social problems unless a segment of society believes these conditions diminish the quality of human life.
We know crime, drug addiction, poverty, racism, violence, and pollution exist.
These are not considered social problems unless a segment of society believes these conditions diminish the quality of human life.
Слайд 5What is a Social Problem?
A social problem exists:
when an influential
group defines a social condition as threatening its values
when a condition affects a large number of people
and when the condition can be remedied by collective action
when a condition affects a large number of people
and when the condition can be remedied by collective action
Слайд 6The Social Context
of Social Problems
Social conditions that can lead to
the emergence of social problems
Deviation from group values & norms
A decline in the effectiveness of social institutions
Extensive social & cultural diversity
The exercise of power
Deviation from group values & norms
A decline in the effectiveness of social institutions
Extensive social & cultural diversity
The exercise of power
Слайд 7Types of Social Norms
Folkways - customs and manners of society.
Laws -
formal norms backed by authority.
Mores - norms with a moral basis.
Situational – norms that change according to a given situation.
Mores - norms with a moral basis.
Situational – norms that change according to a given situation.
Слайд 8Social Institutions
An institution is an established and enduring pattern of
social relationships.
The five traditional institutions are:
Family
Religion
Politics
Economics
Education
The five traditional institutions are:
Family
Religion
Politics
Economics
Education
Слайд 9Culture
Culture is defined as the meanings and ways of life that
characterize a society including beliefs, values, norms, sanctions, and symbols.
Слайд 10Elements of Culture
Beliefs are definitions and explanations about what is assumed
to be true.
Values are social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.
Values are social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable.
Слайд 11Elements of Culture
Norms
Socially defined rules of behavior.
Sanctions
Consequences for conforming to or
violating norms.
Symbols
Language, gestures, and objects whose meaning is commonly understood by the members of a society.
Symbols
Language, gestures, and objects whose meaning is commonly understood by the members of a society.
Слайд 12Theoretical Approaches
on Social Problems
A theoretical perspective provides some fundamental assumptions about
the nature and operation of society.
Macrosociological perspectives focus on large groups, social institutions and society as a whole.
Microsociological perspectives focus on the intimate level of everyday interactions between people.
Macrosociological perspectives focus on large groups, social institutions and society as a whole.
Microsociological perspectives focus on the intimate level of everyday interactions between people.
Слайд 13The Functionalist Perspective
Society is a system that is made up of
a number of interrelated elements, each performing a function that contributes to the operation of the whole.
Robert K. Merton distinguished between manifest functions, latent functions, and dysfunctions.
Robert K. Merton distinguished between manifest functions, latent functions, and dysfunctions.
Слайд 14The Conflict Perspective
Society consists of different groups who struggle with one
another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered valuable, be they money, power, prestige, or the authority to impose one’s values on society.
Karl Marx provided the framework based on the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Karl Marx provided the framework based on the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Слайд 15Conflict Theories of Social Problems
There are two general types of conflict
theories of social problems:
Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from economic inequalities.
Non-Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from competing values and interests among social groups.
Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from economic inequalities.
Non-Marxist theories focus on social conflict that results from competing values and interests among social groups.
Слайд 16Marxist Conflict Theories
According to Marxist theorists, social problems result from class
inequality inherent in a capitalistic system.
Marxist conflict theories also focus on the problem of alienation.
Conflict can create positive change
Marxist conflict theories also focus on the problem of alienation.
Conflict can create positive change
Слайд 17Non-Marxist Conflict Theories
Concerned with conflict that arises when groups have opposing
values and interests.
These value positions reflect different subjective interpretations of what constitutes a social problem.
Ultimately, conflict is, and always will be, inevitable.
These value positions reflect different subjective interpretations of what constitutes a social problem.
Ultimately, conflict is, and always will be, inevitable.
Слайд 18The Interactionist Perspective
Interactionism focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather
than on large scale societal structures.
William and Dorothy Thomas stated that “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
The definition of the situation refers to people’s perceptions and interpretations of what is important in a situation and what actions are appropriate.
William and Dorothy Thomas stated that “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
The definition of the situation refers to people’s perceptions and interpretations of what is important in a situation and what actions are appropriate.
Слайд 20Research on
Social Problems
Science is a method of obtaining objective and
systematic knowledge through observation.
Hypotheses are tentative statements that can be tested regarding relationships between two or more factors, and that act as links between theory and research.
Hypotheses are tentative statements that can be tested regarding relationships between two or more factors, and that act as links between theory and research.
Слайд 21Stages of Conducting a Research Study
Formulating a research question.
Reviewing the literature.
Defining
variables.
Formulating a hypothesis.
Design research method
Collect and analyze data
Form conclusion and publish results
Formulating a hypothesis.
Design research method
Collect and analyze data
Form conclusion and publish results
Слайд 22Variable
Any measurable event, characteristic, or property that varies or is subject
to change.
Researchers must operationally define the variables they study.
An operational definition specifies how a variable is to be measured.
Operational definitions are particularly important for defining variables that cannot be directly observed.
Researchers must operationally define the variables they study.
An operational definition specifies how a variable is to be measured.
Operational definitions are particularly important for defining variables that cannot be directly observed.
Слайд 23Hypothesis
A prediction about how one variable is related to another variable.
The dependent variable is the variable that the researcher wants to explain.
The independent variable is the variable that is expected to explain change in the dependent variable.
Слайд 24Four Types of
Sociological Research
Direct observation
The social scientist sees or
hears something him or herself
Surveys
People are asked questions
Archival research
Information collected by some other agency for reasons other than research
Experiments
Controlled methods of collecting evidence
Surveys
People are asked questions
Archival research
Information collected by some other agency for reasons other than research
Experiments
Controlled methods of collecting evidence
Слайд 25Assessing Data
Sampling problems
Upon whom or what were the observations made?
Samples should
be representative.
The three criteria to establish causality
Observe associations or correlations
Ensure time sequence
Avoid spurious relationships
The three criteria to establish causality
Observe associations or correlations
Ensure time sequence
Avoid spurious relationships
Слайд 26Future Prospects
Solutions to social problems can fall into one of the
following categories.
Prevention
Intervention
Social reform
Reconstruction
Alleviating consequences
Prevention
Intervention
Social reform
Reconstruction
Alleviating consequences
Слайд 27Who Provides Solutions?
“Collective action” means that people work together toward a
solution.
A social movement is a collective, organized effort to promote or resist social change through some noninstitutionalized or unconventional means.
A social movement is a collective, organized effort to promote or resist social change through some noninstitutionalized or unconventional means.
Слайд 29Should we solve
the problems?
Can we accept the costs of the
solution?
Does a solution to one problem create yet other problems?
Is a particular solution feasible?
Does a solution to one problem create yet other problems?
Is a particular solution feasible?
Слайд 30International Perspectives
Reasons to look at other societies and cultures
Because we can
gain additional insight into problems and their solutions when we observe different cultures
Because nations today are intertwined in a complex relationship in which we all depend on one another
Because some social problems are inherently global
Because nations today are intertwined in a complex relationship in which we all depend on one another
Because some social problems are inherently global
