Cell growth, repair and differentiation: regeneration, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia презентация

the 3-rd
year students

ZAPORIZHZHIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
The department of pathological anatomy and forensic medicine with basis of law

by proliferation of parenchymal cells, results in complete restoration of the original tissues

⮚Repairing - it is healing by proliferation of connective tissue elements resulting in fibrosis and scarring

is permanent renewal of cells, tissue and organs.
Reparative regeneration (restoration) it is renewal of the damaged tissue by the analogical structures.
Restructive (pathologic) regeneration it is renewal of the damaged tissue by the analogical or by other tissues.

physiologic necrosis (erythrocytes, mucosa). There is a complete transmission of genetic material during the process of cell division.
Levels of regeneration:
molecular-membrane
sub-cellular
cellular
tissue-organ
It is the process of realization of the genetic program - differentiation of new cells and apoptosis of the old one.

to restore normal structure and function.
Variants of RR:
Complete (restitution) – replacement of
injured cells by cells of the same type.
Incomplete with regenerative hypertrophy (substitution with hypertrophy)
According to the ability to regenerate there
are distinguished three types of cells.

which have died or been shed, multiply throughout the life under normal physiologic condition.
They are epithelial cells of: epidermis, alimentary tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, vagina, cervix, uterine endometrium, haemopoetic cells of bone marrow, lymph nodules and spleen

Types of cells:

after adolescence but return their capacity to divide under stimuli throughout adult life. Can proliferate rapidly in response of injury, especially when required to replace lost neighbors. They restored by two methods - mitosis of neighbors and intercellula reparation.
They are parenchymal cells of: kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, mesenchymal cells of smooth muscles

Types of cells:

after birth, but can regenerate at subcellular level (intercellular reparative regeneration). Examples: neurons of nervous system, skeletal muscle cells, heart muscles cells (myocardiocytes).

Types of cells:

by fibrous tissue (substitution).

Forms of disregeneration:
Hyporegeneration
Hyperregeneration
Metaplasia

and the fibrin meshwork must undergo organization.
If any repair by fibrous tissue occurs, there will
be a scar.
Depending on the site, scar tissue may be called: "cicatrix",
"fibrosis", "adhesions", "gliosis", "fibroplasia"

the damaged organ at:
а) shallow and small damage
inlaid damage of endothelium without violation of basal membrane
damage of epithelium
Localization:
cornea of eyes
epithelium of any organ
skin
kidney, lungs, after the inlaid damage of alveolus,
endothelium, epithelium of kidney tubes.

is partial or complete renewal of function of organs, only at the ordinary physical loading. Arises up after:
deep and vast damages
heart attacks and necrosis
festering-destructive processes
fungi’s process
hematoma or hemorrhage in the serous cavity
damage of vessels, channels with destruction of their basal membranes
inlaid necrosis of the specialized structures
deep ulcers, penetrable in the muscular layer of hollow organ.

connecting tissue or gliofibrosis in brain.

Cyst of brain, chronic aneurism of
heart.

Renewal of functions.

of cyst
formation of cavity – at destruction of content
through the natural opening
incapsulation
formation of joints in serous cavities and their
partial or complete obliteration
ossification
scar obliteration > hydronephrosis,
hydrocyphalia, hydrocelle, retentsion cysts
cicatrisation of wounds – primary pull, secondary pull, cicatrisation under scab, crawling of epithelium, inflammation in wound with subsequent its clearing

population of cells
Reparative angiogenesis
Renewal of architectonics of stroma
Renewal of specific architectonics of
stroma

adaptation of cells and organs to the changing conditions.
Compensation – it is “normalization” of organ defects and its
adaptation.

Morphology of accommodation:
Apoptosis – elimination of cells
Aplasia is the complete failure of an organ at the
process of developing.
Atresia is the complete failure of the lumen in a hollow organ.
Hypoplasia is the failure of an organ to grow to normal
size.
Malformation: wrong shaped vessels.
Deformation: something used to be well-formed, but it
shape was permanently altered.

of cell substance, without the cell death. If many cells become smaller, the organ itself becomes smaller.

of the organ.
Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells
in a tissue or organ. This may be physiologic, or
pathologic.
Examples: The female breast at puberty -- under the influence of estrogens -- and during pregnancy and lactation (additional hormones).
The male breast in cirrhosis or estrogen therapy or in some boys at puberty ("gynecomastia") -- all reflect estrogens action.

another type of differentiated cell. A reversible change in which one adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type.
Examples: Replacement of mucin-producing ciliated columnar epithelium by stratified squamous epithelium (cigaret smokers -- "to protect our delicate tissues from the harsh effects of smoke").
in cancer cells.

of uniformity of the individual cells, as well as a loss of their architectural orientation".
This includes "atypical hyperplasia" and "atypical metaplasia" . “Hyperplasia" and "metaplasia" imply the tissue cells look normal. In dysplasia, they look distinctly abnormal, and the changes resemble those seen