- Главная
- Разное
- Дизайн
- Бизнес и предпринимательство
- Аналитика
- Образование
- Развлечения
- Красота и здоровье
- Финансы
- Государство
- Путешествия
- Спорт
- Недвижимость
- Армия
- Графика
- Культурология
- Еда и кулинария
- Лингвистика
- Английский язык
- Астрономия
- Алгебра
- Биология
- География
- Детские презентации
- Информатика
- История
- Литература
- Маркетинг
- Математика
- Медицина
- Менеджмент
- Музыка
- МХК
- Немецкий язык
- ОБЖ
- Обществознание
- Окружающий мир
- Педагогика
- Русский язык
- Технология
- Физика
- Философия
- Химия
- Шаблоны, картинки для презентаций
- Экология
- Экономика
- Юриспруденция
Allergy. (Subject 3) презентация
Содержание
- 1. Allergy. (Subject 3)
- 2. Immune system disorders Weakened immune response: Primary
- 3. Antigen - any substance that can stimulate
- 4. Allergy classification by P. G. H.
- 5. Pathogenesis of allergy Absence of antibodies
- 6. Immune and Allergic reactions Similar features:
- 7. Hereditary Predisposition to Allergy increased permeability of
- 8. Immunological Stage of Allergic Reaction
- 9. Biochemical Stage of Allergic Reaction allergen
- 10. The stage of allergy clinical manifestation (type
- 11. Type 1 Allergic Reactions (anaphylactic,
- 12. Immunological Stage Transformation to blast
- 13. Immunological Stage Result Mast Cell Fixation
- 14. Biochemical Stage Mast Cell Mediators of Allergy
- 15. Classification of Allergy Mediators Primary (pre-stored)
- 16. Primary Mediators Effects Histamine & Serotonin –
- 17. Secondary Mediators Leukotrienes - ↑ vessels
- 18. Type 2 allergic reactions (antibody-dependent cytotoxicity)
- 19. Antibody-dependent mechanisms of cell damage
- 20. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity enzymes
- 21. Type 5 allergic reactions (stimulating reactions) Autoimmune
- 22. Type 3 allergic reactions (immune complexes) Immune
- 23. Features of type 3 hypersensitivity Circulation of
- 24. Phases of the systemic immune-complex disease formation
- 25. Serum Sickness Blood plasma amount T I
- 26. Pathogenic properties of immune complexes The
- 27. Mechanism of tissue injury by immune complexes
- 28. Local Manifestation of Immunocomplex Reaction Arthus reaction
- 29. Type 4 allergic reactions (cell-mediated, delayed)
- 30. Type 4 hypersensitivity Immunological stage - production
- 31. Mechanisms of tissue injury T-killers (perforins,
- 32. Pseudoallergy distinctive features Sensitization (immunologic) phase is
- 33. Pseudo-allergy mechanisms Non-immune degranulation of mast cells
- 34. The mechanisms of self reactivity prevention
- 35. Mechanisms of autoimmune diseases Damage of physiological
- 36. General mechanisms of autoimmune pathology
- 37. Hyposensitization The patient is gradually vaccinated
- 38. Allergy testing
Immune system disorders Weakened immune response: Primary immunodeficiency Secondary immunodeficiency Excessive immune response: Allergic reactions Autoimmune reactions
Слайд 2Immune system disorders
Weakened immune response:
Primary immunodeficiency
Secondary immunodeficiency
Excessive immune response:
Allergic reactions
Autoimmune reactions
Слайд 3Antigen - any substance that can stimulate immune system
Allergen – any
substance that can induce allergy
Allergy – excessive reaction of immune system to normally harmless substance
Allergy – excessive reaction of immune system to normally harmless substance
House Dust Mite
Pollen
Слайд 4Allergy classification by P. G. H. Gell and R. R. A.
Coombs
Type I hypersensitivity - Anaphylactic reactions.
Type II hypersensitivity - Cytotoxic reactions.
Type III hypersensitivity - Reactions mediated by immune complexes.
Type IV hypersensitivity - Cell mediated reactions.
Type V hypersensitivity - Stimulating allergic reactions.
Слайд 5Pathogenesis of allergy
Absence of antibodies
Presence of antibodies to hen’s fluff (75
-90%)
Allergy manifestation 10-15%
Слайд 6Immune and Allergic reactions
Similar features:
protection of the organism from genetically
foreign ones
similar mechanisms of reactions
mediated with immune cells
Distinctive features of allergic reactions:
increased reactivity
transformed character of immune answer
tissue injury
similar mechanisms of reactions
mediated with immune cells
Distinctive features of allergic reactions:
increased reactivity
transformed character of immune answer
tissue injury
Слайд 7Hereditary Predisposition to Allergy
increased permeability of barriers
↑ activity of T-helpers, ↑
synthesis of IgE
↑ synthesis of allergic mediators
↓ inactivation of allergic mediators
hyperreactivity of bronchi, skin.
Allergic diseases with hereditary predisposition – atopic diseases – type 1 hypersensitivity
↑ synthesis of allergic mediators
↓ inactivation of allergic mediators
hyperreactivity of bronchi, skin.
Allergic diseases with hereditary predisposition – atopic diseases – type 1 hypersensitivity
Слайд 8Immunological Stage
of Allergic Reaction
revealing the allergen
presentation of the
allergen to lymphocytes
Ig synthesis
immune memory cells formation
fixation of the antibodies or T-killers in the site of allergen localization
Ig synthesis
immune memory cells formation
fixation of the antibodies or T-killers in the site of allergen localization
Слайд 9Biochemical Stage
of Allergic Reaction
allergen interaction with specific antibodies or sensitized
lymphocytes;
release or synthesis of biologically active substances – mediators of allergy.
release or synthesis of biologically active substances – mediators of allergy.
Слайд 10The stage of allergy clinical manifestation (type 1)
Local signs:
Itching, pain,
rashes
Nasal congestion
? Mucus secretion.
Systemic Signs of Allergy
Smooth muscles constriction
bronchi (problems with breathing)
GIT (abdominal cramps)
Swelling of tongue, mouth
Vessels dilation, hypotension, shock
Nasal congestion
? Mucus secretion.
Systemic Signs of Allergy
Smooth muscles constriction
bronchi (problems with breathing)
GIT (abdominal cramps)
Swelling of tongue, mouth
Vessels dilation, hypotension, shock
Слайд 11Type 1 Allergic Reactions
(anaphylactic, reaginic)
Allergic asthma
Conjunctivitis
Allergic rhinitis ("hay
fever")
Anaphylactic shock
Angionevrotic edema (Quincke's disease)
Urticaria (hives).
Anaphylactic shock
Angionevrotic edema (Quincke's disease)
Urticaria (hives).
Слайд 12
Immunological Stage
Transformation to blast
cytokines
Phagocyte
helper
suppressor
IgE and IgG
Allergen
Слайд 13Immunological Stage Result
Mast Cell
Fixation of antibodies on the mast cells
and basophils
Its possible to detect IgE in blood serum (diagnosis of type 1 hypersensitivity)
Its possible to detect IgE in blood serum (diagnosis of type 1 hypersensitivity)
Слайд 15Classification of Allergy Mediators
Primary
(pre-stored)
Histamine
Heparine
Serotonine
Secondary
(new synthesis)
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Cytokines
Слайд 16Primary Mediators Effects
Histamine & Serotonin – vasodilation, ? vascular permeability, ?
tone of smooth muscle cells
Histamine + pain, itching
Serotonin + ? secretion of mucus.
Heparin decreases blood clotting
Chemotaxins for neutrophils and eosinophils – provide the movement of the neutrophils and eosinophils
Histamine + pain, itching
Serotonin + ? secretion of mucus.
Heparin decreases blood clotting
Chemotaxins for neutrophils and eosinophils – provide the movement of the neutrophils and eosinophils
Слайд 17Secondary Mediators
Leukotrienes - ↑ vessels permeability, spasm of smooth muscles,
chemotactic factors.
Prostaglandins – bronchospasm, ↑ mucus secretion.
Platelet-activating factor - platelet aggregation, bronchospasm, release of histamine.
Cytokines – interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
Prostaglandins – bronchospasm, ↑ mucus secretion.
Platelet-activating factor - platelet aggregation, bronchospasm, release of histamine.
Cytokines – interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
Слайд 18Type 2 allergic reactions
(antibody-dependent cytotoxicity)
Transfusion reactions, autoimmune anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
thyroiditis.
Transformation of own antigens to “non-self” antigens by chemicals, viruses.
The cell with transformed antigen – target cell
Synthesis of IgG and IgM against target cell antigens
Transformation of own antigens to “non-self” antigens by chemicals, viruses.
The cell with transformed antigen – target cell
Synthesis of IgG and IgM against target cell antigens
Слайд 19Antibody-dependent mechanisms
of cell damage
Target cell
M A C
opsonization
MAC - membrane
attack complex
Слайд 20Antibody-dependent
cell-mediated cytotoxicity
enzymes
macrophages
neutrophils, eosinophils,
natural killers
Слайд 21Type 5 allergic reactions (stimulating reactions)
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Antibodies bind to TSH
receptor on thyroid epithelial cells and STIMULATE them
Thyroid gland hyperplasia
Excessive secretion of thyroid hormones.
Thyroid gland hyperplasia
Excessive secretion of thyroid hormones.
Слайд 22Type 3 allergic reactions
(immune complexes)
Immune complex glomerulonephritis
Serum sickness
Arthus reaction (local
reaction)
Antigens – antibiotics, Ig (serum as medicine), bacteria, viruses
Antigens – antibiotics, Ig (serum as medicine), bacteria, viruses
Слайд 23Features of type 3 hypersensitivity
Circulation of immune complexes in blood (systemic
diseases)
IgG and IgM
Involvement of complement and phagocytes in tissue injury
Low blood complement level
IgG and IgM
Involvement of complement and phagocytes in tissue injury
Low blood complement level
Слайд 24Phases of the systemic immune-complex disease
formation of antigen-antibody complexes in circulation;
deposition
of the immune complexes in various tissues;
inflammatory reaction in the site of immune complexes deposition.
inflammatory reaction in the site of immune complexes deposition.
Слайд 26Pathogenic properties
of immune complexes
The amount of antigen - large enough
to form immune complexes.
The size of the complexes - intermediate or small.
The dysfunction or overloading of phagocyte system.
Deposition of immune complexes: kidneys, joints, skin, heart, lungs, arterioles.
The size of the complexes - intermediate or small.
The dysfunction or overloading of phagocyte system.
Deposition of immune complexes: kidneys, joints, skin, heart, lungs, arterioles.
Слайд 28Local Manifestation of Immunocomplex Reaction
Arthus reaction - local area of tissue
necrosis.
Cause - frequent injections of antigen into the fixed site of skin.
Cause - frequent injections of antigen into the fixed site of skin.
Слайд 29Type 4 allergic reactions
(cell-mediated, delayed)
Tuberculin test (Mantoux reaction )
Tuberculosis
and leprosy
Transplant rejection
Viral infection
Tumor cells
Transplant rejection
Viral infection
Tumor cells
Слайд 30Type 4 hypersensitivity
Immunological stage - production of sensitized T-lymphocytes
Cell injury is
mediated by phagocytes and cytokines.
Cytokines function:
Organization and regulation of immune response and inflammation
Cell injury (perforation of membranes, induction of apoptosis)
Cytokines function:
Organization and regulation of immune response and inflammation
Cell injury (perforation of membranes, induction of apoptosis)
Слайд 31Mechanisms of tissue injury
T-killers (perforins, granzymes)
phagocytes (active oxygen radicals)
lysosomal
enzymes
granulomatous (specific) inflammation
granulomatous (specific) inflammation
Слайд 32Pseudoallergy distinctive features
Sensitization (immunologic) phase is absent
Symptoms can occur at the
first exposure.
The symptoms are directly depend on the dose of the substance
The symptoms are directly depend on the dose of the substance
Слайд 33Pseudo-allergy mechanisms
Non-immune degranulation of mast cells (histamine – liberating substances).
The alternative
pathway of complement activation (without action of specific IgG and M antibodies).
Disturbances of arachidonic acid metabolism – aspirin asthma
Disturbances of arachidonic acid metabolism – aspirin asthma
Слайд 34The mechanisms
of self reactivity prevention
Selection and deletion of self-reactive
T-cells and B-cells.
Peripheral suppression by
T-suppressor cells.
Peripheral suppression by
T-suppressor cells.
Слайд 35Mechanisms of autoimmune diseases
Damage of physiological isolation (nervous system, a crystalline
lens, thyroid gland).
Altering of self-antigens (burns, medicines, chemicals).
Similarity of exogenous antigen to self antigen:
(streptococci antigens are similar to myocardial and kidneys antigens).
Primary changes of immune system.
Altering of self-antigens (burns, medicines, chemicals).
Similarity of exogenous antigen to self antigen:
(streptococci antigens are similar to myocardial and kidneys antigens).
Primary changes of immune system.
Слайд 36General mechanisms
of autoimmune pathology
Direct antibody mediated effects (diabetes mellitus,
autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
T cell mediated effects (psoriasis)
Immune complex mediated effects (lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid artritis)
T cell mediated effects (psoriasis)
Immune complex mediated effects (lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid artritis)
Слайд 37Hyposensitization
The patient is gradually vaccinated with progressively larger doses of
the allergen.
Mechanism:
Increase of IgG synthesis (blocking antibodies)
Mechanism:
Increase of IgG synthesis (blocking antibodies)
