Metaphors. History of metaphors презентация

who, in his “Poetics” (around 335 BC), defines “metaphor” as follows: “Metaphor is the application of a strange term either transferred from the genus and applied to the species or from the species and applied to the genus, or from one species to another or else by analogy.” For the sake of clarity and comprehension it might additionally be useful to quote the following two alternative translations: as Halliwell puts it in his translation: “Metaphor is the application of a word that belongs to another thing: either from genus to species, species to genus, species to species, or by analogy.”

History of metaphors

lends weight to the argument.(That makes the argument more important.)
They stood alone, frozen statues on the plain.(They stood alone, keeping unmoved)
The ball happily danced into the net.(The goal was scored.)
I was lost in thought. (I was in deep thought.)
She flew at him. (She was angry with him.)
He was rattled. (He was terrified.)
New era business is a whole different ball game.(New era business is a whole different situation.)
We were drinking the white.(We were drinking coffee with milk in it.)

every day.)
That is worth less than a dead didgeridoo.(That is worth nothing.)
We faced a scallywag of tasks.(We faced hard tasks.)
Let me compare thee to an artic day, sharp and bright, forever light...(You are wonderful.)
It's been a purple dinosaur of a day.(It is a stupid moment of a day.)
I'll chew on it. (I’ll think about it.)
Her thoughts were on the wing. (She is thinking about it.)
Fabulous was something worthy of fable. Like many other superlatives, it has lost its original edge and now just means 'good'. (Fabulous has lost its original meaning,now it just means 'good ‘.)
Roasting today! (It’s so hot today!)

metaphor is one where there is absolutely no connection between the subject and the metaphor.

and bright, forever light... (You are wonderful.)
It's been a purple dinosaur of a day. (It is a stupid moment of a day.)

Description
An active metaphor is one which is relatively new and hence is not necessarily apparent to all listeners, although if the metaphor is well-selected, it will be easy enough to understand.

argument more important
They stood alone, frozen statues on the plain. -They stood alone, keeping unmoved
The ball happily danced into the net. -The goal was scored.

Description
A complex metaphor happens where a simple metaphor is base on a secondary metaphoric element.

at the temple Juno Moneta.
The origin of 'the whole nine yards' seems unknown, even to an expert word website.

Description
A dead metaphor occurs where the once-evocative transferred image is no longer effective or even understood, perhaps being lost in time.

Thanks -- that's just the ticket, old chap. I'm over the moon about it.

Description
A dying metaphor is one which has become so over-used, it is considered unfashionable or lacking in eloquence to use it.

merely players.
Let me count my loves of thee, my rose garden, my heart, my fixed mark, my beginning and my end.

Description
An extended metaphor is one where there is a single main subject to which additional subjects and metaphors are applied.
The extended metaphor may act as a central theme, for example where it is used as the primary vehicle of a poem and is used repeatedly and in different forms.

were drinking the white.
Description
In an implicit metaphor, the full subject is not explained, but is implied from the context of the sentence.

as driving]
Noisy twinkling in the night, the shares blew hypnotic shards of brilliance down on the hopeful investors. [Share price movement as a sky-rocket firework]

Description
The pataphor is an extreme form of metaphor, taking the principle to its limit, where the basic metaphor is typically not mentioned but extensions to it are used without reference.

root metaphor is one which is so embedded within a language or culture that it is often not realized as being a metaphor.

simple metaphor has a single link between the subject and the metaphoric vehicle. The vehicle thus has a single meaning which is transferred directly to the subject.

skirt. [skirt = woman]
Try this nib. [nib = pen]
Description
The synechdochic metaphor is one where a small part or element of something is used to represent the whole.

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