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Historical Syntax & Lexical Change презентация
Содержание
- 1. Historical Syntax & Lexical Change
- 2. Historical Syntax Syntax seems to change more
- 3. Basic Word Order Even basic word order
- 4. Example of VSO Welsh: “The man killed
- 5. Example of VSO Tagalog: “The child ate
- 6. Changes in Word Order English has changed
- 7. Changes in Word Order Nearly all Sino-Tibetan
- 8. Other Changes in Syntax Reanalysis and the
- 9. Other Changes in Syntax If you’ve ever
- 10. Lexical Change Over time, the vocabulary of
- 11. Obsolescence Why does an old word disappear?
- 12. Innovation Where do new words come from?
- 13. Borrowing Borrowed words can radically change the
- 14. Japanese Borrowing In some cases an original
- 15. Korean Borrowing Korean has fewer English borrowings
- 16. Korean Borrowing Sometimes borrowings fill a gap
- 17. Borrowing in Asian Languages There are many more examples of borrowing in the LESA textbook.
- 18. End
Historical Syntax Syntax seems to change more slowly than phonology and morphology over time But if we look over many hundreds of years, we can see major differences
Слайд 2Historical Syntax
Syntax seems to change more slowly than phonology and morphology
over time
But if we look over many hundreds of years, we can see major differences
But if we look over many hundreds of years, we can see major differences
Слайд 3Basic Word Order
Even basic word order can change over time
S =
Subject, V = Verb, O = Object
SVO: English, Chinese
SOV: Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Urdu
VSO: Welsh, Tagalog
OVS: Klingon (not a real language)
SVO: English, Chinese
SOV: Japanese, Korean, Hindi, Urdu
VSO: Welsh, Tagalog
OVS: Klingon (not a real language)
Слайд 4Example of VSO
Welsh: “The man killed the dragon.”
Lladdodd y ddraig y dyn
[ɬaðɔð i ðraig i dən]
killed the dragon the man
Note: ll is a
voiceless lateral fricative; fl is an Anglicized spelling (Lloyd = Floyd, from Welsh word ‘grey’)
Слайд 5Example of VSO
Tagalog: “The child ate a mango.”
Kumain ang bata ng mangga
Ate child mango
(ang and
ng [naŋ] are case markers)
Слайд 6Changes in Word Order
English has changed from SOV to SVO
Old Eng.
“When he visited the king …”
þa hē þone cyning sōhte when he the king visited…
Cf. Modern English “man-eating tiger”
“Man-eating” is an OV structure
þa hē þone cyning sōhte when he the king visited…
Cf. Modern English “man-eating tiger”
“Man-eating” is an OV structure
Слайд 7Changes in Word Order
Nearly all Sino-Tibetan languages are SOV
But the Chinese
languages have changed to SVO
The Karen languages (spoken in Thailand and Burma) have also changed to SVO
The Karen languages (spoken in Thailand and Burma) have also changed to SVO
Слайд 8Other Changes in Syntax
Reanalysis and the Chinese copula
Classical Chinese had no
verb ‘to be’
Copular sentences basically looked like “A B” (meaning “A is B”)
A common sentence was “A, shì B” meaning “As for A, this is B”
shì was reanalyzed be speakers as a copula -- it is the Mandarin copula today
Copular sentences basically looked like “A B” (meaning “A is B”)
A common sentence was “A, shì B” meaning “As for A, this is B”
shì was reanalyzed be speakers as a copula -- it is the Mandarin copula today
Слайд 9Other Changes in Syntax
If you’ve ever studied a Classical Language (Chinese,
Japanese, Sanskrit, Arabic, Greek, etc.) then you know that the syntax can be radically different from the modern forms of those languages
Nearly any aspect of syntax can change!
Nearly any aspect of syntax can change!
Слайд 10Lexical Change
Over time, the vocabulary of a language changes
The set of
lexemes (words) shifts
Old words disappear, new words are added
Example: English spectacles, glasses
Word meanings also shift over time
Old words disappear, new words are added
Example: English spectacles, glasses
Word meanings also shift over time
Слайд 11Obsolescence
Why does an old word disappear?
The thing referred to may no
longer exist or be important in the society
A new word with a similar meaning may replace it
Sometimes there is no obvious reason
A new word with a similar meaning may replace it
Sometimes there is no obvious reason
Слайд 12Innovation
Where do new words come from?
Derivation from existing morphemes
English: Greek and
Latin roots;
Hindi: Sanskrit roots; Urdu: Arabic roots
Borrowings from other languages
Other processes (blends, acronyms, etc.)
Borrowings from other languages
Other processes (blends, acronyms, etc.)
Слайд 13Borrowing
Borrowed words can radically change the vocabulary [and phonology!] of a
language in a short time
Japanese has had two massive borrowings: Chinese words (8th-12th centuries) and English words (20th-21st centuries)
Japanese has had two massive borrowings: Chinese words (8th-12th centuries) and English words (20th-21st centuries)
Слайд 14Japanese Borrowing
In some cases an original Japanese word and an English
borrowing co-exist
One may become obsolete, or the meaning of one or the other may shift
Example: “enjoy”
tanosimu entʃoːi-suru
One may become obsolete, or the meaning of one or the other may shift
Example: “enjoy”
tanosimu entʃoːi-suru
Слайд 15Korean Borrowing
Korean has fewer English borrowings than Japanese does
But just as
many Chinese borrowings
Consider this triplet for ‘meeting’:
moim native Korean
hwɛhap Chinese borrowing
mithiŋ English borrowing
Consider this triplet for ‘meeting’:
moim native Korean
hwɛhap Chinese borrowing
mithiŋ English borrowing
Слайд 16Korean Borrowing
Sometimes borrowings fill a gap in the native lexicon
Korean has
a number of words for ‘wife’, but they all carry a particular connotation (e.g. humble, respectful)
Recently the English word ‘wife’ has been borrowed as waipɯ. It has a more neutral meaning.
Recently the English word ‘wife’ has been borrowed as waipɯ. It has a more neutral meaning.
