Greek imperialism. Empires, imperialisms, ancient and modern. (Lecture 5) презентация

Hellenization of the East.

the Argead dynasty, the third son of King Amyntas III, and father of Alexander the Great and Philip III

diplomacy 

 His most important innovation was the introduction of the phalanx infantry corps, armed with the famous sarissa, an exceedingly long spear, at the time the most important army corps in Macedonia.
Philip pushed back the Paionians and Thracians promising tributes, and crushed the 3,000 Athenian hoplites (359). 

king of Dardania, Bardyllis. However, this did not prevent him from marching against them in 358 and crushing them in a battle in which some 7,000 Illyrians died (357).
By this move, Philip established his authority inland as far as Lake Ohrid and earned the favour of the Epirotes.
Philip had married the Epirote princess Olympias, who was the daughter of the king of the Molossians.

Diplomatic marriages

of Philip II

at the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC,
Philip created and led the League of Corinth in 337 BC
 Philip was elected as leader -hegemon of the army of invasion against the Persian Empire.

During 356 BC, Philip also conquered the town of Crenides and changed its name to Philippi: he established a powerful garrison there to control its mines, which granted him much of the gold later used for his campaigns.

Philip led a great military expedition north against the Scythians, conquering the Thracian fortified settlement Eumolpia to give it his name, Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
 The status of Thrace in 342-334 under the Macedonian sway as a kind of regular satrapy.

Philip II as he built his power and created many institutions to imitate those known from the Achaemenid Empire.
established a Royal Secretary and Archive.
used a special throne borrowed from the Achaemenid court to demonstrate his elevated rank.

(356-323 BC), or Alexander the Great

Alexander was tutored by Aristotle in science and the political arts
received a complete education in military tactics and strategy from the great Macedonian generals, Antipater and Parmenion.
his first diplomatic experience while he was still a child, when he received the ambassadors of Persia during his father's absence.

(356-323 BC), or Alexander the Great

revolted in Thebes in 335 BC.
The remaining Greek states hastened to offer ships and men for Alexander's next venture, an attack on the Persians in Asia Minor.

As a warning to the other Greeks, Alexander destroyed Thebes, except for their temples.

(356-323 BC), or Alexander the Great

Wars against Persia
Foundation New Cities

334 BC. Granicus River
Phrygia to Gordius.
northern Syria, Battle of Issus in 333 BC.
into Assyria & Babylonia
Persia
Afghanistan and Turkestan and eventually penetrating India. When his soldiers refused to proceed further east, Alexander returned to Babylon in 325 BC.
During 332 and 331 BC Alexander founded the Nile city of Alexandria.

(356-323 BC), or Alexander the Great

spoke many different languages, and there where many differed customs.
creating a uniform economic and cultural world stretching from the Straits of Gibraltar to the Indus River.

Governing problems

Alexander was an absolute monarch!
In Egypt he was worshiped as a god!
to the Greek he was merely a commander-in-chief!

His choice!
Empire, desired to model his whole government after Persian absolutism.
He had planned to create a ruling class by intermarriage of Macedonian and Persian nobles.
He himself married foreign, Roxanne of Bacteria and later a Persian princess.
Alexander demanded that Greeks and Macedonians fall at his feet and kiss the dust before him, he demanded that they recognize him as a god, as in fact the son of Zeus.

all benefited from the release of Persian gold.
A single trade area was opened to the merchants of each region.
The new trade areas opened we know today as the famous "Silk Routes".

values & standards

he married Darius' daughters Barsine (also called Stateira) and Hephaestion married her sister Drypetis, and 10,000 of Macedonian soldiers which married with native wives were given generous gifts.
incorporate Persians on equal terms in the army and the administration of the provinces was heavily criticized by Macedonians.
Persian aristocracy had been accepted into the royal cavalry bodyguard.

& standards

the establishment of a new coinage with a silver standard based on that of Athens in place of the old bimetallic system current (Bimetallism, monetary standard or system based upon the use of two metals, traditionally GOLD AND SILVER, rather than one (monometallism) .

Alexander tetradrachm, which would have circulated throughout the empire. 

This is a lifetime issue - 325-323 B.C - The legs of Zeus are side by side)

chapter in Greek expansion…..

No doubt many of the colonists, by no means volunteers, deserted these cities, and marriages with native women led to some dilution of Greek ways.
His plans for racial fusion, on the other hand, were a failure.

as far as Bactria and India. 

multilingualism and Greek as a lingua Franca
spread Hellenism in a vast colonizing wave throughout the Middle East and created, if not politically at least economically and culturally, a single world stretching from Gibraltar to the Punjab, open to trade and social intercourse and with a considerable overlay of common civilization and the Greek koinē as a lingua franca.

fleet, a great basin dug out to contain 1000 ships, and the water- communications of Babylonia taken in hand.
Innovations were carried out in the tactical system of the army which were to modify considerably the methods of future battle-fields. 

it is clear that he set up a central organization with collectors perhaps independent of the local satraps.
chief treasurer.

from
the Libyans a
from the Bruttians,
From Etruscans, and Lucanians of Italy;
representatives of the cities of Greece who came to celebrate and confirm Alexander's divine status.

Palestine);
Seleucus Nicator (Mesopotamia and Syria);
Cassander (Macedonia and Greece);
Antigonus (Asia Minor)
Lysimachus (Thrace).