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Why You Need to Measure Both BER and MER on QAM Digital Signals презентация
Содержание
- 1. Why You Need to Measure Both BER and MER on QAM Digital Signals
- 2. Introduction Most Digital Analyzers measure Modulation Error
- 3. Modulation Error Ratio MER is defined as
- 4. MER MER effectively assigns a value to
- 5. How Errors Occur Each symbol on the
- 6. Comparison Between Three Error Free Constellations
- 7. MER vs BER With Only Gaussian Noise
- 8. Why Measure BER? Since MER can quantify
- 9. Examples of Intermittent Interference That Cause Poor
- 10. Troubleshooting By Measuring Both MER and BER
- 11. Intermittent Errors on a Constellation Display Intermittent
- 12. Conclusions In order to see the effects
Introduction Most Digital Analyzers measure Modulation Error Ratio (MER) and Bit Error Rate (BER) MER and BER each have their limitations This seminar explains why it is important to measure both
Слайд 1Why You Need to Measure Both BER and MER on QAM
Digital Signals
Слайд 2Introduction
Most Digital Analyzers measure Modulation Error Ratio (MER) and Bit Error
Rate (BER)
MER and BER each have their limitations
This seminar explains why it is important to measure both MER and BER and what types of impairments that will be missed if you only measure one or the other.
Viewing of the Constellations Demystified Seminar and the Modulation Error Ratio Demystified Seminar is recommended prior to viewing this seminar.
MER and BER each have their limitations
This seminar explains why it is important to measure both MER and BER and what types of impairments that will be missed if you only measure one or the other.
Viewing of the Constellations Demystified Seminar and the Modulation Error Ratio Demystified Seminar is recommended prior to viewing this seminar.
Слайд 3Modulation Error Ratio
MER is defined as follows:
MER is expressed in dB.
Ideal
Symbol
RMS Error Magnitude
Average Symbol Magnitude
RMS error magnitude
average symbol magnitude
10 log
Слайд 4MER
MER effectively assigns a value to the fuzziness of the symbol
cluster.
The larger or fuzzier the cluster, the poorer the MER.
The further from the ideal locations, the poorer the MER.
The larger or fuzzier the cluster, the poorer the MER.
The further from the ideal locations, the poorer the MER.
Constellation With “Good” MER
Constellation With “Poor” MER
Слайд 5How Errors Occur
Each symbol on the constellation is framed by decision
boundaries
When the carrier falls inside the decision boundaries the information is transmitted error free.
When the carrier falls inside the decision boundaries the information is transmitted error free.
Слайд 6Comparison Between Three Error Free Constellations
Good MER Perfect BER
Poor MER Perfect
BER
Best MER Perfect BER
All constellations below have a perfect BER with no errors, because the carrier always falls within the decision boundaries.
The constellations to the right have significantly better MER with less noise.
When the cluster falls within the decision boundaries, BER is not an effective measurement of quality because the BER is perfect.
Слайд 7MER vs BER With Only Gaussian Noise Impairing the 64 QAM
Signal
No Errors
MER
BER
Note there are no errors in this range of MER.
In practice errors will tend to occur at higher MERs due to other forms of impairments besides Gaussian Noise.
Слайд 8Why Measure BER?
Since MER can quantify signal quality when no errors
exist the question can be raised, why measure BER at all if MER will do?
The major limitation of MER is the inability of the measurement to capture fast intermittent transients.
A signal can have a very good MER, but poor BER due to intermittent interference.
The major limitation of MER is the inability of the measurement to capture fast intermittent transients.
A signal can have a very good MER, but poor BER due to intermittent interference.
Слайд 9Examples of Intermittent Interference That Cause Poor BER But Good MER
Laser
Clipping
Occasional overload of the laser due to analog sync pulses lining up.
Loose Connections
Corroded or loose connections.
Sweep System Interference
Sweep pulses from a sweep system set up to sweep empty spectrum.
Microphonics
Vibration of digital origination equipment can cause intermittent errors.
Occasional overload of the laser due to analog sync pulses lining up.
Loose Connections
Corroded or loose connections.
Sweep System Interference
Sweep pulses from a sweep system set up to sweep empty spectrum.
Microphonics
Vibration of digital origination equipment can cause intermittent errors.
Слайд 10Troubleshooting By Measuring Both MER and BER
One way to determine if
you have intermittent problems is to measure both MER and BER.
If the MER is high, but you still see errors, then the errors are probably caused by a intermittent problem.
If the MER is high, but you still see errors, then the errors are probably caused by a intermittent problem.
Слайд 11Intermittent Errors on a Constellation Display
Intermittent errors will show up on
a constellation display as lone dots away from the main cluster.
Zoomed Constellation with Intermittent Interference
Слайд 12Conclusions
In order to see the effects of all types of impairments
on a QAM signal you need to measure both MER and BER.
MER can quantify the quality of a digital signal that doesn’t have any errors.
MER has the limitation of not being able to see intermittent errors so a signal can have a good MER but a poor bit error rate.
The most common type of intermittent errors are caused by laser clipping.
MER can quantify the quality of a digital signal that doesn’t have any errors.
MER has the limitation of not being able to see intermittent errors so a signal can have a good MER but a poor bit error rate.
The most common type of intermittent errors are caused by laser clipping.
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