by Ravi Sethi
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Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs by Ravi Sethi презентация
Содержание
- 1. Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs by Ravi Sethi
- 2. What is a Programming Language? a tool
- 3. Language Designers Balance … making computing convenient
- 4. Levels Gross distinction between programming language based
- 5. Levels Machine level language Assembly level language
- 6. Machine Level 00000010101111001010 00000010101111001000 00000011001110101000 Can you
- 7. Assembly Language Look at figure 1.1 LD
- 8. Assembly Language Look at page 63 in
- 9. Basic Concepts of a RAM machine Memory:
- 10. High Level Readable familiar notations machine independence
- 11. Problems of Scale Changes are easy to
- 12. Bugs Programming testing can be used to
- 13. Role of Programming Languages Art (science) of
- 14. Programming Paradigms Imperative - action oriented, sequence
- 15. Language Implementation Compiler - source code it
- 16. Compiled C Source code
- 17. Interpreted Code Each instruction is interpreted by machine interpreter does not produce object code
- 18. Comparisons Compilation more efficient interpreted more flexible
- 19. Testing your skill Do 1.4 (a,b,c) in
- 20. Testing your skill For each module, include
- 21. Testing your skill For the test cases,
What is a Programming Language? a tool for instructing machines a means of communicating between programmers a vehicle for expressing high-level designs a notation for algorithms a way of expressing relationships
Слайд 2What is a Programming Language?
a tool for instructing machines
a means of
communicating between programmers
a vehicle for expressing high-level designs
a notation for algorithms
a way of expressing relationships between concepts
a tool for experimentation
a means for controlling computerized devices
a vehicle for expressing high-level designs
a notation for algorithms
a way of expressing relationships between concepts
a tool for experimentation
a means for controlling computerized devices
Слайд 3Language Designers
Balance
… making computing convenient for programmers (a fool with a
tool is still a fool)
and making efficient use of computing machines (... Why do I have to state this?)
and making efficient use of computing machines (... Why do I have to state this?)
Слайд 4Levels
Gross distinction between programming language
based on readability
based on independence
based on purpose
(specific … general)
Слайд 5Levels
Machine level language
Assembly level language
High-level language (3GL)
sometimes 4GL - fourth Generation
Language
Слайд 6Machine Level
00000010101111001010
00000010101111001000
00000011001110101000
Can you tell what this code fragment does?
Can it be
executed on any machine?
Is it general purpose?
Is it general purpose?
Слайд 7Assembly Language
Look at figure 1.1
LD R1,”0”
LD R2, M
ST
R2, R1
… real assembly used mnemonics
Add A(M), …. Had to do your own indexing
What does this program do?
… real assembly used mnemonics
Add A(M), …. Had to do your own indexing
What does this program do?
Слайд 8Assembly Language
Look at page 63 in your text and figure 3.1
Can
you understand what it does now?
Слайд 9Basic Concepts of a RAM machine
Memory: addresses, contents
Program: instructions
input/output:(files)
20
2000
A
10
200A
c
A = 3
+ c
lvalue-> address
rvalue->contents
lvalue-> address
rvalue->contents
Слайд 10High Level
Readable familiar notations
machine independence
availability of program libraries
consistency check (check data
types)
Слайд 11Problems of Scale
Changes are easy to make
isolated program fragments can be
understood
BUT… one small bug can lead to disaster
read the NOT story about Mariner rockets
Notice how the chairman does not understand that a “small” problem can lead to devastating result and why it was not caught
BUT… one small bug can lead to disaster
read the NOT story about Mariner rockets
Notice how the chairman does not understand that a “small” problem can lead to devastating result and why it was not caught
Слайд 12Bugs
Programming testing can be used to show the presence of bugs,
but never their absence!
Dijkstra
Programming Languages can help
readable and understandable
organize such that parts can be understood
Dijkstra
Programming Languages can help
readable and understandable
organize such that parts can be understood
Слайд 13Role of Programming Languages
Art (science) of programming is organizing complexity
Must organize
in such a way that our limited powers are sufficient to guarantee that the computation will establish the desired effect
(Dijkstra - structured programming, sometimes referred to as goto-less programming)
(Dijkstra - structured programming, sometimes referred to as goto-less programming)
Слайд 14Programming Paradigms
Imperative - action oriented, sequence of actions
Functional - LISP, symbolic
data processing
Object-Oriented
Logic - Prolog, logic reasoning
Sequential and concurrent
Object-Oriented
Logic - Prolog, logic reasoning
Sequential and concurrent
Слайд 15Language Implementation
Compiler - source code it translated into machine code (all
at once)
Interpreter - machine is brought up to the language (one statement at a time)
Interpreter - machine is brought up to the language (one statement at a time)
Слайд 16Compiled C
Source
code
in C
Pre-
procces
sor
compiler
Linker
or
assembler
Machine
code (exe)
Loader
Machine
codes
.o
files
Pre
processed
code
Слайд 17Interpreted Code
Each instruction is interpreted by machine interpreter
does not produce object
code
Слайд 19Testing your skill
Do 1.4 (a,b,c) in PL book
Do 1.5
For each file,
include a file header:
what this file accomplishes - description
what “entities” are in this file
dependencies
structure
what this file accomplishes - description
what “entities” are in this file
dependencies
structure
Слайд 20Testing your skill
For each module, include a module header:
what this module
accomplishes - description
dependencies ( parameters(in, out, inout), global data (accessed or modified), called by (fanin), calls (fanout) )
restrictions
programmer
date created
modifications
dependencies ( parameters(in, out, inout), global data (accessed or modified), called by (fanin), calls (fanout) )
restrictions
programmer
date created
modifications
Слайд 21Testing your skill
For the test cases, include a test header:
for
each input, put the expected output, date executed, name of tester and passed/failed
