couldn’t define colloid chemistry; today, I’m doing it.”
From Abbott’s Flatland
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Physical chemistry of surface phenomena. Basics of adsorptive therapy презентация
Содержание
- 1. Physical chemistry of surface phenomena. Basics of adsorptive therapy
- 2. Colloidal Chemistry A colloid is a substance
- 4. Colloidal Science an interdisciplinary intersection dealing
- 6. Surface tension
- 7. Dispersed liquids in nature
- 9. Minimal surfaces Costa’s minimal surface (1982) Catenoid Helicoid
- 10. There is an extra energy associated with
- 11. Surface phenomena The increased surface area of
- 12. Surface tension σ is the
- 13. Surface tension Surface tension depends on: the
- 14. The surface tension can be thought of
- 15. A didactic setup (Cf. Wilhelmy plate)
- 16. WETTABILITY Why does one fabric absorb water
- 17. WETTABILITY
- 18. Cohesion (n. lat. cohaerere "stick or stay together") or cohesive
- 19. CAPILLARITY
- 20. Capillary forces What is the force between two spheres?
- 21. SORPTION
- 22. Medical & biological importance: Assimilation of
- 23. Sorption -change in the concentration of one
- 24. Adsorption Adsorption is spontaneous change of component
- 25. Gibbs Equation G - the amount of
- 26. Surface activity The ability of the solute
- 27. Traube-Duclos rule: When extending the chain-CH2 -
- 28. SAS, SIS, SNS Surface-active substances (SAS):
- 29. The isotherm of surface tension The dependence
- 31. Surfactants Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: nonionic, anionic, cationic, amphoteric.
- 35. Surfactants in nature Pulmonary surfactants
- 36. Effect of surfactants on surface tension Critical micellar concentration
- 37. What is the pressure in a soap
- 38. What can you tell about the pressure
- 39. ADSORPTION ON THE LIQUID-GAS BORDER
- 40. Calculation of the adsorption isotherm G=
- 41. Gibbs’ isotherm of adsorption 1. Low С
- 42. ADSORPTION ON THE SOLID-GAS BORDER
- 43. Adsorption by solids The adsorption value depends
- 44. Freundlich equation А = x/m = k
- 45. Determination of the constants in the Freundlich
- 46. The theory of Langmuir 1) On each
- 47. The theory of Langmuir According to this
- 48. Langmuir equation А = А
- 49. To find the constants A ∞
- 50. Langmuir’s isotherm of adsorption с G
- 51. Theory of polymolecular adsorption BET (Brunauer, Emmett,
- 52. ADSORPTION ON THE BORDER OF SOLID
- 53. Molecular adsorption Experimentally determined value of the
- 54. Molecular adsorption So, in the adsorption of
- 55. Conclusion From the above that is confirmed,
- 56. The ion exchange adsorption The ion exchange
- 57. Chromatography Chromatography is dynamic method of analysis
- 58. Chromatography is physical chemical method
- 59. From the history of chromatography Mikhail Semenovich
- 60. «No other discovery had such a huge
- 61. The principle of chromatographic separation of substances
- 62. Column chromatography the stationary phase is in
- 63. Identification by GLC For Identification of compounds
- 64. HPLC Agilent Technologies
- 65. HPLC Milichrom
- 66. HPLC HP
- 67. GLC “Agilent Technologies”
- 68. Enterosorption It is method of treatment of
- 69. Enterosorbents Polyphepan (lignin) Activated carbon (sorbex, carbolong, carbolen)
- 70. Enterosorbents Smecta Silicon organic sorbent Enterosgel
- 71. Enterosorption Enterosorption is part of efferent therapy
- 72. Hemodialysis Hemodialysis (from hemo-and διάλυσις - decomposition,
- 73. Peritoneal dialysis Peritoneal dialysis (dialysis Greek expansion,
- 74. Plasmapheresis Membrane plasma filter contains a chamber
- 75. Hemosorbtion Hemosorbtion (from the Greek. Haema blood
Colloidal Chemistry A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance. The designation ‘‘colloid’’ is used for particles that are of some small dimension and cannot pass through a
Слайд 2Colloidal Chemistry
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another
substance.
The designation ‘‘colloid’’ is used for particles that are of some small dimension and cannot pass through a membrane with a pore size10-6 m (micrometer).
The designation ‘‘colloid’’ is used for particles that are of some small dimension and cannot pass through a membrane with a pore size10-6 m (micrometer).
Слайд 4Colloidal Science
an interdisciplinary intersection dealing with colloids, heterogeneous systems consisting
of a mechanical mixture of particles between 1 nm and 1000 nm dispersed in a continuous medium.
Слайд 10There is an extra energy associated with a surface
Molecules on the
surface are less bounded than molecules in the bulk.
There is therefore an energy associated with a free surface.
More rigorously: there is a free energy associated with an interface.
This energy is the surface tension γ
There is therefore an energy associated with a free surface.
More rigorously: there is a free energy associated with an interface.
This energy is the surface tension γ
Слайд 11Surface phenomena
The increased surface area of the phase separation is associated
with the transition of molecules from the depth of the phase on the surface.
This work of dW is proportional to the square of the formed surface dS:
-dW=σ·dS
σ- the coefficient of proportionality, called surface tension.
This work of dW is proportional to the square of the formed surface dS:
-dW=σ·dS
σ- the coefficient of proportionality, called surface tension.
Слайд 12Surface tension σ
is the work required for the creation of
1 m2 of surface
[σ]= J/m2
Surface tension is the excessive energy, referred to a unit surface area of the phase separation σ= Е/ S
[σ]= J/m2
Surface tension is the excessive energy, referred to a unit surface area of the phase separation σ= Е/ S
THE SURFACE ENERGY
THE SURFACE TENSION
Слайд 13Surface tension
Surface tension depends on:
the nature of fluid
σ(Н2О)=72,8 J/m2; σ(serum)=45,4 J/m2).
temperature
(↑t ↓σ , when tboil. σ =0).
pressure (↑p ↓σ ).
the concentration of the dissolved substance.
pressure (↑p ↓σ ).
the concentration of the dissolved substance.
Слайд 14The surface tension can be thought of as a force
F
A
The energy
per unit area is γ
It can often be thought of as a force
It can often be thought of as a force
Слайд 16WETTABILITY
Why does one fabric absorb water well while another seems to
refuse it?
Why does water collect into large drops on a greasy surface and instead form an adherent film on a clean surface?
Why does water collect into large drops on a greasy surface and instead form an adherent film on a clean surface?
Слайд 18
Cohesion (n. lat. cohaerere "stick or stay together") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of
molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive.
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar particles or surfaces to cling to one another
Слайд 22Medical & biological importance:
Assimilation of nutrients and drugs
Transfer of
O2 and CO2 from the lungs to the tissues
The action of enzymes
Detoxification: a) Hemosorption - blood purification b) lymphosorption – lymph purification.
Absorption of toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract (enterosorption).
Chromatography: - Separation of mixtures of aminoacids; - Cleaning of drugs; - Quantitative determination of vitamins, hormones; - Diagnosis of diseases
The action of enzymes
Detoxification: a) Hemosorption - blood purification b) lymphosorption – lymph purification.
Absorption of toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract (enterosorption).
Chromatography: - Separation of mixtures of aminoacids; - Cleaning of drugs; - Quantitative determination of vitamins, hormones; - Diagnosis of diseases
Слайд 23Sorption -change in the concentration of one or more components in
heterogeneous systems
Sorption - the process of absorption of one substance by another
Sorbent - absorber
Sorbtiv (sorbate) - absorbed substance
Adsorption - absorption by sorbent surface
Absorption - absorption by the entire volume of the sorbent
Слайд 24Adsorption
Adsorption is spontaneous change of component concentration in the surface layer
compared to the volume of a phase
Слайд 25Gibbs Equation
G - the amount of adsorbed substance [mole/m2]
а – equilibrium
activity of the substances in solution [mole/l]
R - universal gas constant = 8,31 J/моль∙(°К)
- surface activity of the dissolved substance.
G - the amount of adsorbed substance [mole/m2]
с – the concentration of the substance in solution [mole/l]
R - universal gas constant = 8,31 J/моль∙(°К)
G - the amount adsorbed substance [mole/m2]
р – the equilibrium gas pressure, Pa
R - universal gas constant = 8,31 J/моль∙(°К))
Слайд 26Surface activity
The ability of the solute to change surface tension is
called surface activity (γ)
The measure of surface activity :
The measure of surface activity :
Слайд 27Traube-Duclos rule:
When extending the chain-CH2 - in homological series of surface
activity increases in 3-3,5 times, respectively, increases the ability to adsorption.
НСООН
СН3СООН
СН3СН2СООН
СН3СН2СН2СООН
σ
с
Слайд 28SAS, SIS, SNS
Surface-active substances (SAS):
reduce σ solvent. σ solution
σ solvent; g> O.
SAS: alcohols, organic acids, esters, proteins, cholesterol, fats, lipids, soaps.
Surface-inactive substance (SIS): increase σ of solvent. σ solution > σ solvent; g
Surfactants-nonactive substance (SNS): do not alter the surface tension of the solvent. σ solution = σ solvent; g = O. SNS: sucrose.
Surface-inactive substance (SIS): increase σ of solvent. σ solution > σ solvent; g
Surfactants-nonactive substance (SNS): do not alter the surface tension of the solvent. σ solution = σ solvent; g = O. SNS: sucrose.
Слайд 29The isotherm of surface tension
The dependence of σ on the concentration
the
dissolved substance at a constant
temperature is called isotherm of surface
tension.
temperature is called isotherm of surface
tension.
SIS
SNS
SAS
σ
с
Слайд 31Surfactants
Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: nonionic, anionic,
cationic, amphoteric.
Слайд 37What is the pressure in a soap bubble ?
« Amusons nous sur
la terre comme sur l'onde,
Malheureux celui qui se fait un nom
Richesses, Honneurs, Faux éclat de ce monde
Tout n’est que boules de savon. »
Malheureux celui qui se fait un nom
Richesses, Honneurs, Faux éclat de ce monde
Tout n’est que boules de savon. »
Taken from the Nobel lecture of P.-G. de Gennes
Rev. Modern Phys. 64 (1992) 645
Слайд 40Calculation of the adsorption isotherm G= ƒ(с)
For the calculation of
the adsorption isotherm you are to plot the dependence σ from c.
1-the isotherm of surface tension,
2-adsorption isotherm
Слайд 43Adsorption by solids
The adsorption value depends on:
1. The size of the
adsorbent surface
if S↑ surface then adsorption ↑.
2. Temperature (↑t ↓G ).
3. Type of sorbent affinity thereof to the solvent. - Hydrophilic. - Hydrophobic.
4. Charge of the adsorbent and the adsorptive.
5. Adsorptive concentration.
if S↑ surface then adsorption ↑.
2. Temperature (↑t ↓G ).
3. Type of sorbent affinity thereof to the solvent. - Hydrophilic. - Hydrophobic.
4. Charge of the adsorbent and the adsorptive.
5. Adsorptive concentration.
Слайд 44Freundlich equation
А = x/m = k · p1/n
G = x/m = КF · Cn
х – the amount of substance of the adsorptive (mole) m – mass of adsorbent p – equilibrium gas pressure, С – equilibrium concentration in the system
V adsorption = V desorption
к – Freundlich constant, к = А at р = 1
n – empirical constant.
х – the amount of substance of the adsorptive (mole) m – mass of adsorbent p – equilibrium gas pressure, С – equilibrium concentration in the system
V adsorption = V desorption
к – Freundlich constant, к = А at р = 1
n – empirical constant.
Слайд 45Determination of the constants in the Freundlich equation
lg A = lg
k + 1/n lg c
lgx/m
lgA
lgK
tgα=1/n
Freundlich isotherm in
conventional coordinates
Freundlich isotherm in logarithmic coordinates
Слайд 46The theory of Langmuir
1) On each absorption place on the surface
of the adsorbent can be only one molecule or adsorption is localized on the adsorption centers.
2) Adsorption is monomolecular, i.e. is carried out only in one layer.
3) Adsorption surface is homogenious.
4) Between the adsorbed molecules there is no interaction.
5) Adsorption is a reversible process.
2) Adsorption is monomolecular, i.e. is carried out only in one layer.
3) Adsorption surface is homogenious.
4) Between the adsorbed molecules there is no interaction.
5) Adsorption is a reversible process.
Слайд 47The theory of Langmuir
According to this theory localization adsorption can be
represented of the quasichemical equation similar to the chemical reaction:
Where A is adsorption center, B is molecule of substance AB is adsorption complex.
For example to the atoms of carbon, having free valences oxygen atoms can join
Where A is adsorption center, B is molecule of substance AB is adsorption complex.
For example to the atoms of carbon, having free valences oxygen atoms can join
Слайд 48Langmuir equation
А = А КС
for gases : G = G _Кр_
1+(КС) 1+Кр
С – concentration
Р - gas pressure
К - adsorption equilibrium constant = Кdesorption
Кadsorption
at С << К А = А С, linear dependence of G on С
К
at С > К G= G , further increasing the concentration does not affect the adsorption.
1+(КС) 1+Кр
С – concentration
Р - gas pressure
К - adsorption equilibrium constant = Кdesorption
Кadsorption
at С << К А = А С, linear dependence of G on С
К
at С > К G= G , further increasing the concentration does not affect the adsorption.
Слайд 49
To find the constants A ∞ and K linear formula of
Langmuir equation is used.
Substituting the experimental data graphically it’s easy to find the necessary constants.
- Langmuir theory is valid if monomolecular layer is formed.
Substituting the experimental data graphically it’s easy to find the necessary constants.
- Langmuir theory is valid if monomolecular layer is formed.
Слайд 51Theory of polymolecular adsorption BET (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller)
Many experimental evidence suggests
that, after the monomolecular layer formation (point B) Adsorption continues to rise, due to the excess surface activity.
S-shaped polymolecular adsorption isotherm
S-shaped polymolecular adsorption isotherm
Слайд 52ADSORPTION ON THE BORDER OF
SOLID – SOLUTION
In the study of
adsorption from solutions on solid adsorbents distinguish molecular adsorption (adsorption of nonelectrolytes or weak electrolytes) and the adsorption of electrolytes
Слайд 53Molecular adsorption
Experimentally determined value of the adsorption of knowing the initial
concentration of the solution c0, the volume of solution V and the adsorbent mass m.
If you know the surface area of the adsorbent, the adsorption isotherm
belongs to a given value:
Isotherms of adsorption on carbon from aqueous solutions of 1-phenol,
2-succinic acid, 3-benzoic acid
Слайд 54Molecular adsorption
So, in the adsorption of aliphatic carboxylic acids from aqueous
solutions on a non-polar adsorbent - activated carbon - molecules are aligned by hydrocarbon radicals to an adsorbent, with adsorption of benzene (a nonpolar solvent) in the polar adsorbent - silica gel - orientation acid molecules will be reversed
Слайд 55Conclusion
From the above that is confirmed, that:
For adsorption SAS from
the nonpolar or low-polar solvents hydrophilic substances (silica, clays); must be used
On the surfaces of hydrophobic (coal, graphite, talc) from aqueous solutions of SAS should be better adsorbed.
On the surfaces of hydrophobic (coal, graphite, talc) from aqueous solutions of SAS should be better adsorbed.
Слайд 56The ion exchange adsorption
The ion exchange adsorption - a process in
which the adsorbent is added and the solution is exchanged between the equivalent amounts of similarly charged ions.
RM1 + М2+ → RM2 + M1+ cation exchange
cationite
RА1 + А2- → RА2 + А1- anion exchange
anionite
To neutralize the excess acid in the gastric juice :
R–Kt+OH– + Cl– ⇄ R – Kt+Cl– + OH–
Potassium ions: R–An–H+ + Na+ ⇄ R–An–Na++ H+
cationite
RА1 + А2- → RА2 + А1- anion exchange
anionite
To neutralize the excess acid in the gastric juice :
R–Kt+OH– + Cl– ⇄ R – Kt+Cl– + OH–
Potassium ions: R–An–H+ + Na+ ⇄ R–An–Na++ H+
Слайд 57Chromatography
Chromatography is dynamic method of analysis based on multiply repeated processes
of sorption and desorption.
Слайд 58Chromatography is physical chemical method
used to separate substances
analytical objectives
formulations objectives
Used for identification and quantitative determination of organic and inorganic substances
Слайд 59From the history of chromatography
Mikhail Semenovich Tsvet
(1872—1919)
Birthday of chromatography – 21.03.1903
The report of M.S. Tsvet "A new category of adsorption phenomena and their application to biochemical analysis"
His method of M.S. Tsvet called - "chromatography" (written by color)
Richard Kuhn ( Institute of Basic Medicine , Heidelberg ) ( 1938, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the suggested color adsorption chromatography carotenoids and vitamins )
Alfred Vintershtayn ( 1915, Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research of chlorophyll )
Archer Martin Porter , Richard Laurence Millington Singe ( 1938, first countercurrent extractor using water and chloroform to separate oligopeptides ;
1940. Using liquid-liquid chromatography for separation of amino acids ;
November 19 , 1941. The article " A new form of use of the two liquid phases for chromatography " in «Biochemical journal»;1952 . Nobel Prize for the discovery of partition chromatography
Archer Porter Martin , Anthony James Trafford ( 50s first gas chromatograph )
Izmailov, Schreiber ( 1938g. first work on thin-layer chromatography )
Stahl (1956 Using thin-layer chromatography as an analytical method )
Слайд 60«No other discovery had such a huge long lasting effect in
organic chemistry as the analysis using Tsvet’s adsorption chromatography»
Carrere, 1947.
Carrere, 1947.
Chromatographic methods are used for:
quantitative assessment of the basic substance in the bulk drug;
determination of impurities in bulk drug and medicinal forms;
the preliminary and confirming stages in the pharmaceutical, chemical and toxicological analysis;
determining the purity of water and food;
studying the kinetics of chemical reactions;
analyzing oil, etc.
Слайд 61The principle of chromatographic separation of substances
The stationary phase
The mobile phase
Molecules
of substances to be separated
Separation effect is based on the fact that the compounds tested the distance at which separation occurs, with some inherent for this compound delay
Chromatographic process consists of a number of sorption and desorption, as well as the elution solution and that every time lead to a new equilibrium
Слайд 62Column chromatography
the stationary phase is in the column;
the technique used in
gas and liquid chromatography
Schematic diagram of the chromatograph for column chromatography
Container with eluent
The pumping system
sample inlet
Separating column
detector
The mobile phase
GC - gas-carrier
The mobile phase
in LC - eluent
recorder
chromatogram
Signals of substances or peaks
Слайд 63Identification by GLC
For Identification of compounds in the mixture, its retention
time compared with a retention time of standard sample
Слайд 68Enterosorption
It is method of treatment of various diseases, based on the
ability of enterosorbents bind and excrete various exogenous substances, microorganisms and their toxins, endogenous intermediate and final products of metabolism that are able to accumulate, or to penetrate into a cavity of the digestive tract in the course of the illness.
Слайд 71Enterosorption
Enterosorption is part of efferent therapy (from the Latin word efferens
means output). Also enterosorption, this group includes hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, plasmapheresis, hemosorption and others.
Слайд 72Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis (from hemo-and διάλυσις - decomposition, office) is extrarenal method of
blood purification during acute and chronic renal failure.
Слайд 73Peritoneal dialysis
Peritoneal dialysis (dialysis Greek expansion, separation) is method of cleansing
the blood of endogenous and exogenous toxins with simultaneous correction of water-salt balance by diffusion and filtration solutions of substances through the peritoneum as a natural semipermeable membrane.
Слайд 74Plasmapheresis
Membrane plasma filter contains a chamber for the flow of blood
separated from the cameras for plasma collection by porous membrane. The membrane thickness of 10 micron has pores, diameter of which is about 0.5 microns, which allows you to freely pass through all the latest liquid blood components and detain all formed elements. Together with the liquid component of blood passes through the membrane pores and much of the toxines. Dirty plasma is filtered in a separate bag and removed, and clean blood cell mass is returned to the circulatory system.
Слайд 75Hemosorbtion
Hemosorbtion (from the Greek. Haema blood + lat. Sorbere absorb) is
a method of treatment aimed at removing from the blood of various toxic products and the regulation of hemostasis by contact with the blood outside the body of the sorbent.
