Water Resources презентация

Permission required for reproduction or display.

w/out water
Human body is 70% water
Food plants / crops need water
Oxygen result of photosynthesis
Water used for manufacturing, producing concrete, and electricity
Water use in homes, landscaping
Population growth increases demand for fresh water

11-

formed the Moon
Then melting occurred, volcanic activity
Volcanic gases plus comet impacts formed atmosphere rich in water vapor
Planet cooled, water condensed and rain fell forming oceans
Tectonic activity allowed land masses to rise above sea level and oceans became deeper

11-

bodies, atmosphere and land
Driven by solar radiation which causes evaporation
“The Water Cycle II” – MySTAR > Library tab > Films on Demand

11-

is 10 fold
Water flowing out of abandoned mines about 2 pH
Pure water is 7 pH
Normal rainfall 5.6 pH due to CO2 in atmosphere
Heavy metals more toxic as acidity increase

https://water.usgs.gov/edu/ph.html

ions
Produced by evaporation (salts left behind)
Salt water (marine) – highly saline; 35,000 mg/L
Brackish – varying levels of salinity, where fresh water meets marine

11-

fresh water is locked up in glacial ice
22.1% is ground or subsurface water
0.5% surface water
Fresh water is not evenly distributed across Earth
Supply varies seasonally and throughout geologic time

11-

energy, flushing toilets
Agricultural irrigation
Withdrawals have declined and remained steady since 1980s due to more efficient use

11-

municipal
Electricity generation
Personal
Irrigation – water lost due to evaporation and transpiration
Non-consumptive
Washing dishes – almost all water returned to a water supply source
Off stream use – water withdrawn from one source and returned to a different source
Consumptive and off stream can disrupt natural systems

to ocean
Some infiltrates in to groundwater
Water table – depth where porous materials are completely saturated
Romans used aqueduct system
California uses aqueducts to deliver water to L.A.
Impact of water withdrawal versus where it is discharged

11-

growth and development of human populations around world
Five options when faced with water shortages:
Increase storage, build reservoirs
Transport water from other sources
Conservation programs
Nontraditional sources
Voluntarily limit growth

11-

to create an artificial lake upstream; stockpile of large amount of freshwater; dam assists flood control
Negative impacts: floods large area upstream, no or less sediment transported downstream, more evaporation

11-

space of subsurface materials
Three factors determine if groundwater is a viable source:
Quantity – depends on porosity
Ease of withdrawal – hydraulic conductivity and permeability
Quality

readily transmits water; hydraulic conductivity is high
Aquitard – low conductivity, clay rich sediment, shales, unfractured crystalline rocks; “confining layers”
Unconfined aquifer – highly conductive, open to atmosphere and surface waters
Confined aquifer – overlain by aquitard, sealed off from surface

11-

height water will rise; measure of potential energy in confined aquifer
Hydraulic gradient
Slope or steepness of water table

ends up at the water table

high salinity
Warm water/hot water
Water wells and drawdown cones
Modern wells – small hole drilled into subsurface, well casing lowered into well and submersible pump brings water up; most are 50 – 100 feet deep
Cone of depression - caused by pumping action of well in water table or potentiometric surface; can reverse direction of water flow

subsidence (Mexico City)
Increased well costs
Reduced spring and stream flow
Saltwater intrusion

this area to be major grain producer
Semi arid region receives <16 inches rain/year to 28 inches/year
Transpiration prohibits much infiltration
Groundwater levels reduced by 200 feet

11-

water is 35,000 mg salt/L and must be 500 mg/L to be safe for humans
Distillation – salt water boiled and water vapor captured
Reverse osmosis – semi-permeable membrane traps salts and allows H20 molecules to pass
Problem with disposing of super saline waste water
Expensive, only used in areas with acute water supply problems

to drink
Reclaimed water not safe for drinking can be used for irrigation or industrial use – cost savings over using drinking water
Mixing treated waste water with normal water to go through natural processes then filtration and treatment resulting in drinking water

11-

used as a coolant as temperature changes does not contaminate it
“Graywater” – home waste water that has not been used in a toilet can be collected and reused

11-

an aquifer
Rain water harvesting
Underground or above ground cistern

and behavioral practices
Domestic and commercial users – largest use of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping
Xeriscaping – use native plants adapted to local climate
Efficient appliances
Municipal supply systems
Education, repair leaks, fees based on usage
Agriculture – better practices
No till farming
Contour plowing
More efficient irrigation

11-

the water pour down the drain, stick a bucket under the faucet while you wait for your shower water to heat up. You can use the water for flushing the toilet or watering your plants.
2.  Turn off the tap while brushing your teeth. Water comes out of the average faucet at 2.5 gallons per minute. Don’t let all that water go down the drain while you brush! Turn off the faucet after you wet your brush, and leave it off until it’s time to rinse.
3. Turn off the tap while washing your hands. Do you need the water to run while you’re scrubbing your hands? Save a few gallons of water and turn the faucet off after you wet your hands until you need to rinse.
4. If it’s yellow, let it mellow. This tip might not be for everyone, but the toilet is one of the most water-intensive fixtures in the house. Do you need to flush every time?

11-

fixing leaky faucets can mean big water savings.
Re-use your pasta cooking liquid. Instead of dumping that water down the drain, try draining your pasta water into a large pot. Once it cools, you can use it to water your plants. Just make sure you wait, because if you dump that boiling water on your plants, you might harm them.
7. Head to the car wash. If you feel compelled to wash your car, take it to a car wash that recycles the water, rather than washing at home with the hose.
8. Cut your showers short. Older shower heads can use as much as 5 gallons of water per minute. Speed things up in the shower for some serious water savings.
9. Choose efficient fixtures. Aerating your faucets, investing in a low-flow toilet, choosing efficient shower heads, and opting for a Water Sense rated dishwasher and washing machine can add up to big water savings.

11-

xeriscaped landscape that incorporates water wise ground cover, succulents, and other plants that thrive in drought conditions.
11. Don’t run the dishwasher or washing machine until they’re full. Those half-loads add up to gallons and gallons of wasted water.
12. Keep an eye on your bill to spot leaks. If your water bill spikes suddenly, there’s a good chance that a leak is the culprit. Call in a plumber to check your lines to save water and cash!
13. Install a rain barrel. Rainwater harvesting is a great way to keep your plants hydrated without turning on the hose or sprinkler.

11-

can reduce your usage by sinking a half gallon jug of water in the toilet tank. Do NOT use a brick, because it will break down and the sediment can damage your tank.
15. Water in the early morning. You’ll need less water, since cooler morning temperatures mean losing less water to evaporation. It’s not a great idea to water in the evenings, since this can promote mold growth.
16. Hand-washing a lot of dishes? Fill up your sink with water, instead of letting it run the whole time that you’re scrubbing.

11-

to cool. Do your part to conserve power, and you’re indirectly saving water, too!
18. Wash Fido outdoors. That way, you’re watering your yard while you’re cleaning your pup. Just make sure that the soap you’re using isn’t harmful to your plants!
19. Skip the shower from time to time. Do you really need to shower multiple times a day or even daily? Skipping even one shower a week adds up to big water savings.
20. Re-use grey water. Check to make sure that this is legal where you live, but in some areas you can do things like re-route the runoff from your clothes washer and use that water for things like flushing the toilet.
http://www.care2.com/greenliving/20-ways-to-conserve-water-at-home.html

11-