Measuring and mapping cultures презентация

important and those in which it is not.

Societies near the traditional pole emphasize the importance of parent-child ties and deference to authority, along with absolute standards and traditional family values, and reject divorce, abortion, euthanasia, and suicide. These societies have high levels of national pride, and a nationalistic outlook.
Societies with secular-rational values have the opposite preferences on all of these topics.

societies during the past generation means that an increasing share of the population has grown up taking survival for granted.
Thus, priorities have shifted from an overwhelming emphasis on economic and physical security toward an increasing emphasis on subjective well-being, self-expression and quality of life.

Value change progressing from constraint to choice
is a central aspect of Human Development because this value
change makes people mentally free, motivating them to
develop, unfold, and actualize their inner human potentials.

basic problems emphasize certain values and sacrifice others
Prevailing value emphases in society express cultural orientations most directly (cf. Inglehart, Hofstede)
Values are underlying conceptions of good & desirable (e.g., success, justice, freedom, order)

Evolution of Cultural Value Emphases

to cultivate and express their own preferences, feelings, ideas, and abilities, and find meaning in their own uniqueness.
There are two types of autonomy: Intellectual autonomy: own ideas and intellectual directions independently (broadmindedness, curiosity, creativity). Affective autonomy: affectively positive experience for themselves (pleasure, exciting life, varied life).

In embedded cultures people are entities embedded in the collectivity.
Meaning in life comes through social relationships, identifying with the group, participating in its shared way of life, and striving toward its shared goals. Maintaining the status quo and restraining actions that might disrupt in-group solidarity or the traditional order. Important values are social order, respect for tradition, security, obedience, and wisdom.

in groups

Individuals inde-pendent actors

equals who share basic interests as human beings.
People are socialized to act for the benefit of others as a matter of choice.
Important values: equality, social justice, responsibility, help, honesty.

Hierarchy relies on hierarchical systems of ascribed roles to insure responsible, productive behavior.
Unequal distribution of power, roles, and resources are legitimate and even desirable.
People are socialized to take the hierarchical distribution of roles for granted, to comply with the obligations and rules attached to their roles, to show deference to superiors and expect deference from subordinates.
Important values: social power, authority, humility, and wealth.

society

Hierarchical alloca-tion roles/resources legitimate/desirable

Socialize: Others morally equal
transcend selfish interests
cooperate voluntarily

appreciate and accept rather than to change, direct, or exploit.
Important values: world at peace, unity with nature, protecting the environment, and accepting one’s portion.
Mastery encourages active self-assertion in order to master, direct, and change the natural and social environment to attain group or personal goals.
Important values: ambition, success, daring, self-sufficiency, and competence.

avoid change & self-assertion

master, control, change through assertive action

of teachers & students in most
45 value items with near equivalent meaning in within-country analyses
a priori items to index 7 orientations validated in culture level analysis

&
Sub-Saharan
Africa

Latin America

South & South East Asia

EMBEDDEDNESS

East-Central & Baltic Europe Prot/Cath

East Europe
Orthodox

and situations
criteria of judgment
hierarchical order: priorities
Differentiated
type of motivation

past behavior--why we did it
standards to evaluate people & events-- who and what we like, underlie our attitudes
direct attention and perception--what we notice
can serve as social indicators—reflect fundamental societal change

in all societies must pursue
needs of biological organism--e.g. hedonism
demands of social interaction--e.g. achievement
requirements for group survival--e.g. security
People communicate to gain cooperation in pursuing their goals
Values: Socially approved language of goals
Not culture specific—based in pan-human requirements

Promotion of gain

Self-protection Self-expansion/growth

Personal Focus

Social Focus

Anxiety-based Anxiety-free

Dynamic Roots of Value Structure

Achievement
Power

Self-
Enhancement

Openness

Hedonism
Stimulation
Self-Direction

Security
Conformity
Tradition

Conservation

Self-Transcendence

Universalism
Benevolence

in literature
Texts of all major religions and philosophers
Items to express each value concept
Collaborators invited to add items to tap values left out
Assess if added items yield other basic values or fall in expected basic values

are important to ME as guiding principles in MY life, and what values are less important to me?" Your task is to rate how important each value is for you as a guiding principle in your life. Use the rating scale below:
AS A GUIDING PRINCIPLE IN MY LIFE, this value is:
opposed of
to my not very supreme
values important important important importance
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Before you begin, read the values, choose the one that is most important to you ….that is most opposed to your values…. Then rate the rest of the values.

1 EQUALITY (equal opportunity for all)

2 INNER HARMONY (at peace with myself)

3 SOCIAL POWER (control over others, dominance)

4 PLEASURE (gratification of desires)

is this person?

econ., business
charismatic leadership
developing leadership
adopting technological innovations
readiness to work w/ out-groups
authoritarianism & nationalism
egalitarian gender atts
risky sexual behavior

ST/HE vs BE/CO
UN/SD vs. SE/PO
PO/AC vs BE
AC/PO vs TR
SD/UN vs SE/TR/PO
ST/SD vs SE/TR/CO
UN/ST vs PO/SE
SD/UN vs PO/SE/CO
SD/UN vs CO/TR
ST/HE vs SE/CO/TR

SD

UN

ST

BE

HE

AC

PO

CO

SE

TR

meaning in own life
Subjective well-being (+ affect)
Creativity (verbal, artistic)
Identifying with one’s nation
Religious belief &behavior
Interpersonal violence
Helping and altruism

UN/BE vs PO
SD/ST vs SE/TR/CO
ST/HE/PO vs UN/BE/TR
SD/AC/HE vs TR/SE/PO
SD/UN vs SE/TR/CO
CO vs SD
TR/CO/SE vs ST/HE/SD
PO vs UN/BE/CO
UN/BE vs PO

SD

UN

ST

BE

HE

AC

PO

CO

SE

TR

things or to stop things from going wrong in [Israel]. During the last 12 months, have you done any of the following?
Contacted a politician, government or local government official
Worked in a political party or action group
Worked in another organisation or association
Worn or displayed a campaign badge/sticker
Signed a petition
Taken part in a lawful public demonstration
Boycotted certain products
Deliberately bought certain products for political, ethical or environmental reasons
Donated money to a political organisation or group

Efficacy: How able are you to:
take an active role in a group involved with political issues?
make up your mind on political issues?

the theory
Increase precision of explanation
Increase predictive power
Better capture the motivational circle of values
10 values combined diverse facets (e.g., security)
e.g., Measure in millimeters, not centimeters

research topics with values (selected)
Relations to personality, subjective & objective well-being
Value change & transmission (generational, immigration, etc.)
Person-environment fit; value congruence & social cohesion
Childhood development of value structure & priorities
Value measurement—instruments, reliability, invariance
Genetic bases of value priorities
Values as mediators and moderators (e.g.)
Mediate: Do values mediate effects of age on voting? Gender on violence?
Moderate: Does the association of patriotism with life satisfaction depend on the level of conformity-rules values?

factor analysis of responses to this survey revealed a similar five-factor structure within each of five cultures: Hong Kong, Venezuela, the USA, Japan, and Germany.

environment, or the spiritual world, and are in the form of an assertion about the relationship between two entities or concepts.” (Leung et al. (2002)
A typical social axiom has the structure - A is related to B, where A and B may be any entities, and the relationship between them may be causal or correlational. Social axioms differ from values, which assume the form, "A is good/desirable/important". Social axioms are also different from normative beliefs or assertions, which are prescriptive in nature. “We should help the poor” is a normative assertion, not a social axiom.

Some examples of social axioms:
People keep from lying only for fear of being exposed.
All is sold and bought in this world.
There do not exist women (men) whose sympathies cannot be won.
Great knowledge is acquired by little by little.
Being flexible in life is an indication of intelligence.
Every person needs an approach of his or her own.
A way out can be found in any situation.

view that life produces unhappiness, that people exploit others, and a mistrust of social institutions.
Social Complexity refers to the belief in multiple ways of achieving a given outcome, and agreement that human behavior is variable across situations.
Reward for Application refers to a general belief that effort, knowledge, and careful planning will lead to positive results.

to a belief in the reality of a supreme being and the positive functions of religious practice.
5. Fate Control refers to a belief that life events are pre-determined and that there are ways for people to influence these fated outcomes. These five, orthogonal dimensions of social axioms have been confirmed, and their constituent, defining items established in 41 national groups (Leung & Bond, 2004).

previously identified across cultures at the individual-level: reward for application (10 items), religiosity (8 items), fate control (2 items), and social complexity (1 item). There are elements of religiosity and fate in this factor, which give rise to the label “externality”, but the emphasis on effort and control gives a dynamic quality to this construct.
Factor 2 is defined by 11 items, and is labeled Societal Cynicism, because all of them are from the individual-level factor of social cynicism.
As constituted by these sets of 21 and 10 items, these two factors correlated with each other at a low level, r(39)=.21, ns.

Social axioms dimensions

growth competitiveness,
long-term orientation,
more alcohol consumption,
less voter turnout,
more frequent access to the internet.
lower job satisfaction,
lower satisfaction with one’s company,
lower life satisfaction,
lower hedonic balance (positive affect minus negative affect),
and a faster pace of life

model concerning with competence, order, dutifulness, self-discipline, deliberation, and the will to achieve);
a rejection of the view that leadership is based on charisma and values, and team-orientation,
an acceptance of self-protective leadership and of autonomous leadership.
more disagreement within in-groups,
a stronger belief in exerting an amount of effort that is proportional to the pay received,
lower church attendance,
lower achievement via conformity.

than females in the population,
higher age dependence ratio (a proportionally larger non-working population),
higher average number of people per room,
higher population growth rate,
lower life expectancy,
higher adult illiteracy rate,
lower level of human development,
lower human rights observance

and civil liberties,
less unemployment, more work hours per week,
a lower percentage of GDP spent on education and on health,
lower alcohol consumption,
lower capacity for reducing human vulnerability by means of human sustenance and environmental health,
lower social and institutional capacity for environmental sustainability,
lower voter turnout rate, and fewer TV receivers per 1000 inhabitants.

This profile suggests that dynamic externality is generally related to less favorable educational, social, and political development, even after its already lower level of economic development has been controlled for.

and societal cynicism