Geodynamics settings презентация

Содержание

Geodynamics Settings Salt Tectonics Fold and Thrust Belts Rifting and Passive Margins Strike-Slip Provinces Stable interior (epicontinental) basins Basement/Cover interactions

Слайд 1Structure Families
Sergei Parnachov
Gary Couples

Слайд 2Geodynamics Settings
Salt Tectonics
Fold and Thrust Belts
Rifting and Passive Margins
Strike-Slip Provinces
Stable interior

(epicontinental) basins
Basement/Cover interactions

Слайд 3Salt Tectonics
Salt structures in the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent areas

(Seni & Jackson, 1983)

Associated with large HC accumulation in many basins like US Gulf Coast, Southern Mexico, Gabon, Senegal, Canadian Arctic, North Sea, Romania, Zagros Mountain (Iran), Caspian Depression (CIS)


Слайд 4Salt Tectonics
Associated with diapirs – salt intrusions known also as a

“salt dome” (although other morphology distinguished –see below)
May be very big Marchand-Timbalier-Caillou Island Salt Massive (Louisiana, some 500km2 with 500MMbbl of oil)

salt roller
salt anticline
salt pillow
diapiric salt wall
diapiric salt stock
detached diapir

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Слайд 5Salt Tectonics
With regional stress field near isotropic normal faults mainly developed

radial pattern of faults (see Heidelberg structure plain view on the right)
Note listric faults, rollover anticline, sin- and antithetic faults, grabens and half-grabens

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Слайд 6Salt Tectonics
Surrounded faults developed do not penetrate salt dome – faults

should be mapped terminated opposite the dome

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Tearpock & Bischke, 1991

Слайд 7Salt Tectonics
With regional stress being more anisotropic (or salt exhibits complex

growth story) faults tend to have more preferred orientation, forming subparallel peripheral faults

Brown, 1999

Слайд 8Salt Tectonics
Halbouty, 1989
HC trap types
simple domal anticline,
graben fault trap over the

dome,
porous caprock (limestone or dolostone),
flank sand pinchout,
traps beneath an overhang,
traps against the salt itself,
unconformity,
fault traps downthrown the dome

Слайд 9Salt Tectonics
Macbeth, 2003
Because of strata dip beneath the dome bright

spots are highly visibly sometime (Gannet-C Oil & Gas Field 4D seismic survey)

Слайд 10Fold and Thrust Belts
Compressional tectonic settings:

Reverse and thrust faults, forming within

a forearc, backarc and collision belt (accretion prism),
Anticlines in hanging wall – as a:
fault propagated fold,
fault bend folds and
duplex structures
Zagros collision belt in Iran accounted 75% of the world’s fold-and-thrust belt HC production

Слайд 11Fold and Thrust Belts
Wyoming-Utah backarc fold and thrust belt – almost

all HC are trapped in hanging wall of Absaroka Thrust (Painter Reservoir, Whitney Canyon, Ryckman Creek, Anschutz Ranch Fields).

Lamerson, 1982

Слайд 12Fold and Thrust Belts
Lamerson, 1982
Most of the fields are found in

asymmetric anticlinal folds with steep east limb

Tearpock & Bischke, 1991

Слайд 13Fold and Thrust Belts
Twiss & Moores, 1992
Note:
Autochthon
Allochthon
Window
Klippe
Flat
Ramp
Tearpock & Bischke, 1991

Thrust

fault = надвиг, шарьяж
Allochton = аллохтон
Autochtone = автохтон
Klippe = тектонический останец
Window = тектоническое окно

Слайд 14Fault-bend folds (a) form where thrust surface changes from steeper dip

to shallow in a up-dip direction

Fault-propagation folds (b, c) form as layers fold during propagation of a thrust through a sedimentary sequence. Fault-propagation folds may evolve aceinto fault-bend fold with displacement increasing

Fold and Thrust Belts

Hatcher, 1995

Слайд 15Imbricated Thrust (or Imbricated Fan) formed by the series of subparallel

thrust developing – probably – from the master detachment
Duplexes forms where subparallel thrusts of appr. equal displacement are separated by deformed sequence. Include Horse Blocks, Roof and Floor Thrust

Fold and Thrust Belts

Couples, 2003


Слайд 16Rifting and Passive Margines
Mostly extensional environments:
Normal Faults domination
Twiss & Moores, 1992
Tarbuck

& Lutgens, 1996

Слайд 17Rifting and Passive Margines
Listric Faults (may be Growth Fault)
Rollover Anticline
Graben and

Half-Graben
Synthetic and Antithetic Faults
Master or Detachment Fault

Couples, 2003

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Note
Transcurrent (or Tear) Fault – what is actually a strike-slip feature
May be opposite tilting of hanging walls

Слайд 18Rifting and Passive Margines
Couples, 2003
Bookshelf model: blocks rotation and new generation

of normal faults
Growth nature of faults

Слайд 19Rifting and Passive Margines
Tearpock & Bischke, 1991
Salt Domes
Normal Faults
Anticlines

Слайд 20Rifting and Passive Margines
Growth faults
Shale and Salt diapirism
Synthetic and Antithetic Normal

Faults
Buckle Folds (because of local compression) on the base

Couples, 2003

Halbouty, 1989

Слайд 21Strike-Slip Provinces
Wrench Faults (high-angle or vertical) forms under horizontal compression
May have

a great linear extend (were tectonic plates are involved in the motion – San Andreas fault complex)
Sinistral or Dextral – depending on the motion of the relative block’s direction
HC traps associated with anticlines – which may be faulted by normal or reverse faults

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Слайд 22Strike-Slip Provinces
Hatcher, 1995


Слайд 23Strike-Slip Provinces
Different type of deformation of the adjacent blocks are very

characteristic – Tear Faults

Tearpock & Bischke, 1991

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Слайд 24Strike-Slip Provinces
Flow (or Palm Tree) structure in Pull-Appart structure:
normal or negative

(транстенция)
reverse or positive (транспрессия)

Twiss & Moores, 1992

Pull-appart or Rhomb-graben basin

Слайд 25Strike-Slip Provinces
Twiss & Moores, 1992
Strike-Slip Faults termination:
plainview of extensional dextral (A)

and compression sinistral (C) strike-slip faults,
local extension (B) – listric fault with half-grabens,
Imbricate Fan or even Duplex zone (D), formed in local compression,
Horsetail splay (E) of secondary dextral strike-slip faults

Слайд 26Stable interior (epicontinental) basins
No modern analogue
Post-rift (past-Triassic) story of West-Siberian

basin
Middle and Late Cretaceous episode of North Sea
Gradual basin infilling by the sediments (Chalk or clastic)
From Layercake to Jigsaw architecture (from the deep to the margins)
Main deformation are sedimentary-induced (isostatic subsidence, sin-sedimentary faults and folds – deltas etc.)

Roberts et al., 1999

Слайд 27Basement/Cover interactions
Most complex and unpredictable
Mainly vertical basement movements dominate
Basement faulting and

cover’ rheology determine folds morphology

Слайд 28Basement/Cover interactions
Most complex and unpredictable
Mainly vertical movements dominate

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