Introduction to ultrasonic testing презентация

Содержание

Слайд 1Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
© Michael Berke
Agfa NDT GmbH,

Hürth, Germany
1994 - 2002

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socket
matching- element
damping- block
crystal
protecting face (probe delay)
housing

















workpiece
Sound pulse
Straight beam probe

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crystal
perspex wedge (probe delay)
damping blocks
socket
housing












workpiece
Sound pulse
Angle beam probe

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near field
far field
acoustical axis (central beam)
N = near

field length






γ = angle of divergence


3


Sound field

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Flaw detection

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Flaw detection

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Flaw detection

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Bad flaw orientation

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crack


Improper flaw location

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10
20
30
40


crack



Angle reflection

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Angle reflection

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10
20
30
40




Vertical, near surface flaw

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T
R



a
1
Tandem technique (top)

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T
R



a
2
Tandem technique (middle)

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10
15
5




















10
15
5



T
R


a


3
Tandem technique (bottom)

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10
20
30
40

Improper flaw orientation

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10
20
30
40

Perfect flaw orientation

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sound beam

flat defect

























15












10
5

reflected sound waves

Flaw detectability with improper

flaw orientation

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s
Flaw distance

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start signal
(pulse)
finish signal
(echo)

transmitter





transit time measurement
probe
work piece
sound transit path
Stop- watch


Principle of transit

time measurement

Слайд 21Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems


CRT / A-scan display

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work piece
probe
sound wave starts at crystal

light point


transmitter


transmission pulse



Priciple, transmission

pulse

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work piece
probe
sound wave









transmitter
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece

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work piece
probe









transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall

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transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface

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transmitter
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run

Слайд 27Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

2
4
6
8
10













protecting face
crystal

probe


electrical zero (initial pulse)
mechanical zero (surface)



Probe delay

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electical zero (initial pulse)
mechanical zero (surface)
sound wave
work piece
delay (wedge)
probe








Probe delay

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Flaw location and echo display

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work piece
probe
back wall echo
flaw
flaw echo

Flaw location and echo display

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work piece
probe
back wall echo
flaw
flaw echo

Flaw location and echo display

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flaw echo covered by initial pulse


work piece
probe
back wall echo
flaw

Flaw location and echo

display

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back wall echo:






without
with flaw
work piece
probe
flaw





Flaw location and echo display

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flaw echo sequence

work piece
probe
flaw




Flaw location and echo display

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dead zone

Dead zone

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direction of osscillation

direction of propagation





wave length
Longitudinal wave

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direction of osscillation
direction of propagation


wave length
Transverse wave

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Relection and refraction

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10
20
30
40



L
T

possible flaw locations

Angle beam probe with both wave types

Слайд 40Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems




T
L
L

T
L
perspex
steel




reflected wave
refracted waves
incident wave
α = α1 = 27.5°
βT = 33.3°
βL =

90°

Longitudinal surface wave

Слайд 41Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems




T
L

T


perspex
steel
reflected wave
refracted transverse wave
incident wave
α = 36.4°
βT = 45°
45° transverse wave

in steel

Слайд 42Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Transverse surface wave

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Total reflection

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27,5°
57°
33,3°
90°
perspex
steel


L
T
Ranges for incident waves

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10
20








Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes

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receiver socket
transmitter socket
damping blocks
crystal
delay
acoustical barrier






TR-probe / dual crystal probe

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Probe delay with TR-probes

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IP
BE





flaw

cross talk echo

flaw echo



TR-probe


























Cross talk at high gain

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0
100
mm
50


steel, L
div.

Range calibration

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5
10
15

70°
45°
100 mm



60°
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes

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100 mm




1st echo from circular section

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100 mm
200 mm
300 mm




Echo sequence from 100 mm

radius

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this wave will be absorbed !
25 mm radius

of calibration block 2

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50 mm radius of calibration block 2

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0
100 mm steel
100 mm range calibration on K2

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5
10
15



work piece
reflector
s



s = k•R
s = sound path
k =

scale factor
R = screen reading


Flaw loaction

Слайд 57Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw location

a
s
d
Sound entry point
projection point
a = s•sin ß d =

s•cos ß




ß

ß

ß = probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
d = depth

"flaw triangle"







Flaw location with angle beam probes

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5
10
15


work piece
reflector
a
a'
s
d

x










index point - front edge of probe
a =

surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:

Flaw location with angle beam probes

Слайд 59Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems





















5
10
15


apparent flaw location
a
s
d






= apparent depth

T



Flaw location with

an angle beam probe on a plate

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5
10
15

apparent flaw location
real flaw location
a
s
d
d'














d' = apparent depth
d

= real depth
T = work piece thickness



T



a = s • sinβ
d‘ = s • cosβ
d = 2T - d


Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate

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Large defects parallel to the scanning surface

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Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops

to 50% of its maximum value

Слайд 63Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems


"half value" positions


delamination


probe position with echo amplitude reduced to 50

%


Determination of the defect area

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0
2
4
6
8
10























Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes

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IP
BE
R
IP
BE
R
IP
BE
R
Flaw distances and echo amplitudes

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B 4 S
6 mm
4 mm
3 mm



BE
F
Distance amplitude curves

on the CRT screen

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IP
BE
F
F
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
80 %
Defect evaluation

by comparison - 1

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instrument gain: 34 dB











Defect evaluation by comparison

- 2

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IP
BE
RE


+ 8 dB
instrument gain: 42 dB




Defect evaluation

by comparison - 3

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10
20
30
40




10
20
30
40




10
20
30
40




10
20
30
40






1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Echo
Position









Distance amplitude curve (DAC)

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time corrected gain
DAC
DAC and TCG

Слайд 72Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

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