Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
© Michael Berke
Agfa NDT GmbH, Hürth, Germany
1994 - 2002
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Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
© Michael Berke
Agfa NDT GmbH, Hürth, Germany
1994 - 2002
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
socket
matching-
element
damping-
block
crystal
protecting face
(probe delay)
housing
workpiece
Sound pulse
Straight beam probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
crystal
perspex wedge
(probe delay)
damping blocks
socket
housing
workpiece
Sound pulse
Angle beam probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
near field
far field
acoustical axis (central beam)
N = near field length
γ = angle of divergence
3
Sound field
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
sound beam
flat defect
15
10
5
reflected sound waves
Flaw detectability with improper flaw orientation
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
start signal
(pulse)
finish signal
(echo)
transmitter
transit time
measurement
probe
work piece
sound transit
path
Stop-
watch
Principle of transit time measurement
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
work piece
probe
sound wave starts at crystal
light point
transmitter
transmission
pulse
Priciple, transmission pulse
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
work piece
probe
sound wave
transmitter
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
work piece
probe
transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
transmitter
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
2
4
6
8
10
protecting face
crystal
probe
electrical
zero
(initial pulse)
mechanical
zero
(surface)
Probe delay
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
electical
zero
(initial pulse)
mechanical
zero
(surface)
sound wave
work piece
delay
(wedge)
probe
Probe delay
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
flaw
echo
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
flaw
echo
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw echo
covered
by initial
pulse
work piece
probe
back wall
echo
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
back wall
echo:
without
with flaw
work piece
probe
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw echo
sequence
work piece
probe
flaw
Flaw location and echo display
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
direction of
osscillation
direction of propagation
wave length
Longitudinal wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
direction of
osscillation
direction of propagation
wave length
Transverse wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10
20
30
40
L
T
possible flaw
locations
Angle beam probe with both wave types
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
T
L
L
T
L
perspex
steel
reflected
wave
refracted
waves
incident
wave
α = α1 = 27.5°
βT = 33.3°
βL = 90°
Longitudinal surface wave
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
T
L
T
perspex
steel
reflected
wave
refracted
transverse wave
incident
wave
α = 36.4°
βT = 45°
45° transverse wave in steel
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
27,5°
57°
33,3°
90°
perspex
steel
L
T
Ranges for incident waves
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10
20
Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
receiver
socket
transmitter
socket
damping blocks
crystal
delay
acoustical
barrier
TR-probe / dual crystal probe
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
IP
BE
flaw
cross talk
echo
flaw
echo
TR-probe
Cross talk at
high gain
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5
10
15
70°
45°
100 mm
60°
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
100 mm
200 mm
300 mm
Echo sequence from 100 mm radius
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
this wave will be
absorbed !
25 mm radius of calibration block 2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
0
100 mm
steel
100 mm range calibration on K2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5
10
15
work piece
reflector
s
s = k•R
s = sound path
k = scale factor
R = screen reading
Flaw loaction
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw location
a
s
d
Sound entry point
projection
point
a = s•sin ß
d = s•cos ß
ß
ß
ß = probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
d = depth
"flaw triangle"
Flaw location with angle beam probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5
10
15
work piece
reflector
a
a'
s
d
x
index point -
front edge of probe
a = surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:
Flaw location with angle beam probes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5
10
15
apparent flaw location
a
s
d
= apparent depth
T
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
5
10
15
apparent flaw location
real flaw location
a
s
d
d'
d' = apparent depth
d = real depth
T = work piece thickness
T
a = s • sinβ
d‘ = s • cosβ
d = 2T - d
Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Large defects parallel to the scanning surface
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops to 50% of its maximum value
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
"half value" positions
delamination
probe position
with echo amplitude
reduced to 50 %
Determination of the defect area
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
IP
BE
R
IP
BE
R
IP
BE
R
Flaw distances and
echo amplitudes
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
B 4 S
6 mm
4 mm
3 mm
BE
F
Distance amplitude curves on the CRT screen
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
IP
BE
F
F
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
80 %
Defect evaluation by comparison - 1
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
instrument gain: 34 dB
Defect evaluation by comparison - 2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
IP
BE
RE
+ 8 dB
instrument gain: 42 dB
Defect evaluation by comparison - 3
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
10
20
30
40
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Echo
Position
Distance amplitude curve (DAC)
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