Introduction to ultrasonic testing презентация

Содержание

Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

Слайд 1Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Introduction to
Ultrasonic Testing
SD 218
© Michael Berke
Agfa NDT GmbH,

Hürth, Germany
1994 - 2002

Слайд 2Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems





























socket
matching- element
damping- block
crystal
protecting face (probe delay)
housing

















workpiece
Sound pulse
Straight beam probe

Слайд 3Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems







crystal
perspex wedge (probe delay)
damping blocks
socket
housing












workpiece
Sound pulse
Angle beam probe

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near field
far field
acoustical axis (central beam)
N = near

field length






γ = angle of divergence


3


Sound field

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Flaw detection

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Flaw detection

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Flaw detection

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Bad flaw orientation

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crack


Improper flaw location

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10
20
30
40


crack



Angle reflection

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Angle reflection

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10
20
30
40




Vertical, near surface flaw

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T
R



a
1
Tandem technique (top)

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T
R



a
2
Tandem technique (middle)

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10
15
5




















10
15
5



T
R


a


3
Tandem technique (bottom)

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10
20
30
40

Improper flaw orientation

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10
20
30
40

Perfect flaw orientation

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sound beam

flat defect

























15












10
5

reflected sound waves

Flaw detectability with improper

flaw orientation

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s
Flaw distance

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start signal
(pulse)
finish signal
(echo)

transmitter





transit time measurement
probe
work piece
sound transit path
Stop- watch


Principle of transit

time measurement

Слайд 21Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems


CRT / A-scan display

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work piece
probe
sound wave starts at crystal

light point


transmitter


transmission pulse



Priciple, transmission

pulse

Слайд 23Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems




work piece
probe
sound wave









transmitter
Priciple, sound wave in the workpiece

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work piece
probe









transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the back wall

Слайд 25Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
transmitter
Priciple, sound pulse at the coupling surface

Слайд 26Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
transmitter
Priciple, echo display and 2nd run

Слайд 27Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

2
4
6
8
10













protecting face
crystal

probe


electrical zero (initial pulse)
mechanical zero (surface)



Probe delay

Слайд 28Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems








electical zero (initial pulse)
mechanical zero (surface)
sound wave
work piece
delay (wedge)
probe








Probe delay

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Flaw location and echo display

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work piece
probe
back wall echo
flaw
flaw echo

Flaw location and echo display

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work piece
probe
back wall echo
flaw
flaw echo

Flaw location and echo display

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flaw echo covered by initial pulse


work piece
probe
back wall echo
flaw

Flaw location and echo

display

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back wall echo:






without
with flaw
work piece
probe
flaw





Flaw location and echo display

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flaw echo sequence

work piece
probe
flaw




Flaw location and echo display

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dead zone

Dead zone

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direction of osscillation

direction of propagation





wave length
Longitudinal wave

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direction of osscillation
direction of propagation


wave length
Transverse wave

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Relection and refraction

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10
20
30
40



L
T

possible flaw locations

Angle beam probe with both wave types

Слайд 40Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems




T
L
L

T
L
perspex
steel




reflected wave
refracted waves
incident wave
α = α1 = 27.5°
βT = 33.3°
βL =

90°

Longitudinal surface wave

Слайд 41Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems




T
L

T


perspex
steel
reflected wave
refracted transverse wave
incident wave
α = 36.4°
βT = 45°
45° transverse wave

in steel

Слайд 42Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Transverse surface wave

Слайд 43Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Total reflection

Слайд 44Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems





27,5°
57°
33,3°
90°
perspex
steel


L
T
Ranges for incident waves

Слайд 45Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

























10
20








Near surface detectability with angle beam pobes

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receiver socket
transmitter socket
damping blocks
crystal
delay
acoustical barrier






TR-probe / dual crystal probe

Слайд 47Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Probe delay with TR-probes

Слайд 48Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems




IP
BE





flaw

cross talk echo

flaw echo



TR-probe


























Cross talk at high gain

Слайд 49Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems


0
100
mm
50


steel, L
div.

Range calibration

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5
10
15

70°
45°
100 mm



60°
Calibration block 1 with angle beam probes

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100 mm




1st echo from circular section

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100 mm
200 mm
300 mm




Echo sequence from 100 mm

radius

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this wave will be absorbed !
25 mm radius

of calibration block 2

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50 mm radius of calibration block 2

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0
100 mm steel
100 mm range calibration on K2

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5
10
15



work piece
reflector
s



s = k•R
s = sound path
k =

scale factor
R = screen reading


Flaw loaction

Слайд 57Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
flaw location

a
s
d
Sound entry point
projection point
a = s•sin ß d =

s•cos ß




ß

ß

ß = probe angle
s = sound path
a = surface distance
d = depth

"flaw triangle"







Flaw location with angle beam probes

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5
10
15


work piece
reflector
a
a'
s
d

x










index point - front edge of probe
a =

surface distance
a' = reduced surface distance
x = x-value = distance:

Flaw location with angle beam probes

Слайд 59Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems





















5
10
15


apparent flaw location
a
s
d






= apparent depth

T



Flaw location with

an angle beam probe on a plate

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5
10
15

apparent flaw location
real flaw location
a
s
d
d'














d' = apparent depth
d

= real depth
T = work piece thickness



T



a = s • sinβ
d‘ = s • cosβ
d = 2T - d


Flaw location with an angle beam probe on a plate

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Large defects parallel to the scanning surface

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Scanning the edge of the defect
Flaw echo drops

to 50% of its maximum value

Слайд 63Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems


"half value" positions


delamination


probe position with echo amplitude reduced to 50

%


Determination of the defect area

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0
2
4
6
8
10























Flaw sizes and echo amplitudes

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IP
BE
R
IP
BE
R
IP
BE
R
Flaw distances and echo amplitudes

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B 4 S
6 mm
4 mm
3 mm



BE
F
Distance amplitude curves

on the CRT screen

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IP
BE
F
F
instrument gain: G = 34 dB
80 %
Defect evaluation

by comparison - 1

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instrument gain: 34 dB











Defect evaluation by comparison

- 2

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IP
BE
RE


+ 8 dB
instrument gain: 42 dB




Defect evaluation

by comparison - 3

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10
20
30
40




10
20
30
40




10
20
30
40




10
20
30
40






1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Echo
Position









Distance amplitude curve (DAC)

Слайд 71Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems














time corrected gain
DAC
DAC and TCG

Слайд 72Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems

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