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Basic principles of ultrasonic testing презентация
Содержание
- 1. Basic principles of ultrasonic testing
- 2. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Examples of oscillation ball on a spring pendulum rotating earth
- 3. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems The ball
- 4. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
- 5. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Movement of the ball over time
- 6. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
- 7. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems 180
- 8. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Spectrum of
- 9. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems gas liquid
- 10. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Understanding wave
- 11. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
- 12. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems T
- 13. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
- 14. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Transverse wave Direction of oscillation Sound propagation
- 15. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Wave propagation
- 16. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Reflection and
- 17. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Behaviour at
- 18. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Reflection +
- 19. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Reflection +
- 20. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Amplitude of
- 21. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Piezoelectric Effect Piezoelectrical Crystal (Quartz) Battery
- 22. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems The
- 23. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems The
- 24. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
- 25. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems A short
- 26. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Reception of
- 27. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Ultrasonic Probes
- 28. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems RF signal (short)
- 29. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems RF signal (medium)
- 30. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Sound field
- 31. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Ultrasonic Instrument
- 32. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Ultrasonic Instrument
- 33. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Ultrasonic Instrument
- 34. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Ultrasonic Instrument
- 35. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Block diagram: Ultrasonic Instrument
- 36. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Sound reflection
- 37. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Plate testing
- 38. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
- 39. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Through transmission testing
- 40. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Weld inspection
- 41. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Straight beam inspection techniques:
- 42. Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems Examples of oscillation ball on
a spring pendulum rotating
earth
Слайд 2
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Examples of oscillation
ball on
a spring
pendulum
rotating
earth
Слайд 6
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Time
One full oscillation T
Frequency
From the duration of one
oscillation T the frequency f (number of oscillations per second) is calculated:
Слайд 7
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
180
360
90
270
Phase
Time
a
0
The actual displacement a is termed as:
Слайд 8
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Spectrum of sound
Frequency range Hz
Description
Example
0 - 20
Infrasound
Earth quake
20
- 20.000
Audible sound
Speech, music
> 20.000
Ultrasound
Bat, Quartz crystal
Слайд 9
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
gas
liquid
solid
Atomic structures
low density
weak bonding forces
medium density
medium bonding forces
high
density
strong bonding forces
crystallographic structure
strong bonding forces
crystallographic structure
Слайд 10
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Understanding wave propagation:
Spring = elastic bonding force
Ball =
atom
Слайд 12
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
T
Distance travelled
From this we derive:
or
Wave equation
During one oscillation
T the wave front propagates by the distance λ:
Слайд 13
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Direction of oscillation
Direction of propagation
Longitudinal wave
Sound propagation
Слайд 15
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Wave propagation
Longitudinal waves propagate in all kind of
materials.
Transverse waves only propagate in solid bodies.
Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves travel at lower speeds.
Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-modulus of the material.
Transverse waves only propagate in solid bodies.
Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse waves travel at lower speeds.
Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-modulus of the material.
Слайд 16
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Reflection and Transmission
As soon as a sound wave
comes to a change in material characteristics ,e.g. the surface of a workpiece, or an internal inclusion, wave propagation will change too:
Слайд 17
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Behaviour at an interface
Medium 1
Medium 2
Interface
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
Reflected
wave
Слайд 18
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Reflection + Transmission: Perspex - Steel
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
Reflected
wave
Perspex
Steel
1,87
1,0
0,87
Слайд 19
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Reflection + Transmission: Steel - Perspex
0,13
1,0
-0,87
Perspex
Steel
Incoming wave
Transmitted wave
Reflected
wave
Слайд 20
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Amplitude of sound transmissions:
Strong reflection
Double transmission
No reflection
Single
transmission
Strong reflection with inverted phase
No transmission
Water - Steel
Copper - Steel
Steel - Air
Слайд 21
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Piezoelectric Effect
Piezoelectrical
Crystal (Quartz)
Battery
Слайд 22
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
The crystal gets thicker, due to a distortion
of the crystal lattice
Piezoelectric Effect
Слайд 23
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
The effect inverses with polarity change
Piezoelectric Effect
Слайд 24
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
An alternating voltage generates crystal oscillations at the
frequency f
U(f)
Sound wave with
frequency f
Piezoelectric Effect
Слайд 25
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
A short voltage pulse generates an oscillation at
the crystal‘s resonant
frequency f0
frequency f0
Short pulse
( < 1 µs )
Piezoelectric Effect
Слайд 26
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Reception of ultrasonic waves
A sound wave hitting a
piezoelectric crystal, induces crystal vibration which then causes electrical voltages at the crystal surfaces.
Electrical
energy
Piezoelectrical crystal
Ultrasonic wave
Слайд 36
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
Sound reflection at a flaw
Probe
Flaw
Sound travel path
Work
piece
s
Слайд 42
Krautkramer NDT Ultrasonic Systems
surface = sound entry
backwall
flaw
1
2
water delay
Immersion testing
