Background radiation презентация

radionuclides of the Earth and cosmic radiation.
Technologically modified natural background radiation is formed from natural sources of ionizing radiation, for example radiation scattered in the environment of natural radionuclides.
Artificial background radiation - the global pollution of the environment by artificial radionuclides formed in the fission of nuclei of uranium and plutonium. This background is due to testing of nuclear weapons, in part by emissions from nuclear power plants noble gases, carbon, and tritium. Artificial background radiation in the globe on average is 1-3% of natural background radiation.

installations, equipment or device, in which there has been a release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation provided by the project limits for their safe operation, leading to exposure of the population and environmental pollution.

nuclear power plant;
enterprise for nuclear fuel production, reprocessing and disposal of nuclear waste;
research and other companies with nuclear installations and stands;
nuclear transport power systems (including space vehicles);
military facilities.

introduced in 1990 by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in order to enable prompt communication of safety-significant information in case of nuclear accidents.

The scale is intended to be logarithmic, similar to the moment magnitude scale that is used to describe the comparative magnitude of earthquakes. Each increasing level represents an accident approximately ten times more severe than the previous level. Compared to earthquakes, where the event intensity can be quantitatively evaluated, the level of severity of a man-made disaster, such as a nuclear accident, is more subject to interpretation. Because of the difficulty of interpreting, the INES level of an incident is assigned well after the incident occurs. Therefore, the scale has a very limited ability to assist in disaster-aid deployment.

As INES ratings are not assigned by a central body, high-profile nuclear incidents are sometimes assigned INES ratings by the operator, by the formal body of the country, but also by scientific institutes, international authorities or other experts which may lead to confusion as to the actual severity.

International Nuclear Event Scale

A number of criteria and indicators are defined to assure coherent reporting of nuclear events by different official authorities. There are seven nonzero levels on the INES scale: three incident-levels and four accident-levels. There is also a level 0.

zone of strong contamination
C – the zone of dangerous infection
D – zone is extremely dangerous infection

D

C

B

A

Republic

Treatment with radioactive sand at the Brazilian resort of Guarapari