and Asian American Studies
California State University, Long Beach
April 24, 2003
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China’s Scientific Tradition and the Great Inertia презентация
Содержание
- 1. China’s Scientific Tradition and the Great Inertia
- 2. Outline The definition of science Scientific elements
- 3. Outline The definition of science Scientific elements
- 4. The Definition of Science What is “science”?
- 5. The Definition of Science Begins as an
- 6. The Definition of Science Dissolubity (divisibility) Superposability
- 7. The Definition of Science A scientist transcends
- 8. Galileo Gililei (1564-1642) Theory of inertia Each
- 9. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Found a precise mathematical
- 10. Outline The definition of science Scientific elements
- 11. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Joseph Needham Science and Civilisation in China
- 12. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 13. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 14. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition China’s
- 15. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Quantitative
- 16. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Qualitative
- 17. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Astronomy
- 18. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 19. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition The
- 20. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Mathematics
- 21. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Mathematics
- 22. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Medicine
- 23. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition 2000 year old exercises
- 24. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 25. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Sir
- 26. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition The Four Inventions Compass Gun powder Paper Printing
- 27. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 28. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Zheng He’s Seven Voyages 1405-1433
- 29. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 30. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Pyrotechnology
- 31. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 32. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 33. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition
- 34. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition The Gutenberg Bible, ca.1455
- 35. Scientific Elements in Chinese Tradition Seismograph
- 36. Outline The definition of science Scientific elements
- 37. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 38. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution” Scientia contemplativa vs. scientia activa et operativa
- 39. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 40. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 41. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 42. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution” Institutional Factors The Civil Service Examination
- 43. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 44. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 45. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 46. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 47. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 48. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 49. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 50. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 51. China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
- 52. Outline The definition of science Scientific elements
- 53. Concluding Remarks Chinese claimed no necessity of science.
- 54. China’s Scientific Tradition and the Great Inertia
- 55. Thank you! Your comments and questions are welcome!
Слайд 2Outline
The definition of science
Scientific elements in Chinese tradition
Factors contributing to China’s
failure to achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Слайд 3Outline
The definition of science
Scientific elements in Chinese tradition
Factors contributing to China’s
failure to achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Слайд 4The Definition of Science
What is “science”?
Latin origin: scientia (knowledge)
Scientific = knowledge-making
More
than a body of rationally gained knowledge…..
An activity directed at altering and increasing that very body of knowledge…..
An activity directed at altering and increasing that very body of knowledge…..
Слайд 5The Definition of Science
Begins as an extension of common sense
Seeks a
higher, rational unity, a deeper understanding which is unknown to common sense
Establishes a conceptual order in the chaos of perceptual experience
Never-ending search for invariants
Establishes a conceptual order in the chaos of perceptual experience
Never-ending search for invariants
Слайд 7The Definition of Science
A scientist transcends the physical world and roams
at an intellectually higher and abstract realm
Must also be capable of descending back to our realm of experience and subjecting to the examination of systematic empiricism, hard fact, and cold logic
Must also be capable of descending back to our realm of experience and subjecting to the examination of systematic empiricism, hard fact, and cold logic
Слайд 8Galileo Gililei
(1564-1642)
Theory of inertia
Each of his manipulations was
guided by thought, each of his thought by experimental evidence
Слайд 9Isaac Newton
(1642-1727)
Found a precise mathematical use for concepts like force, mass,
and inertia
Gave new meanings to the old terms such as space, time, and motion in an equally mathematical language
Gave new meanings to the old terms such as space, time, and motion in an equally mathematical language
Слайд 10Outline
The definition of science
Scientific elements in Chinese tradition
Factors contributing to China’s
failure to achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Слайд 14Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
China’s scientific concepts are hidden in Daoist
philosophy
Daoist thinking developed as a counter-tradition in China
Daoist thinking developed as a counter-tradition in China
Слайд 15Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Quantitative Science
concerned primarily with numbers and its
application to physical reality
concrete and empirically provable
concrete and empirically provable
Слайд 16Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Qualitative Science
yin-yang, the five elements or dynamic
forces and other verbal concepts
abstract but powerfully rational
abstract but powerfully rational
Слайд 17Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Astronomy
The earliest record of the motion of
the five planets, A.D. 1-A.D.5
armillary sphere (Han dynasty)
Su Song’s astronomical clock
armillary sphere (Han dynasty)
Su Song’s astronomical clock
Слайд 19Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
The Chinese time
was not a succesion of
quantitatively equal and qualitatively indistinguishable units.
Слайд 20Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Mathematics
gave birth to the European “Scientific Revolution”
in the 17th-century
The Nine Chapters (Han dynasty)
The Calculating Methods (Han)
The Nine Chapters (Han dynasty)
The Calculating Methods (Han)
Слайд 21Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Mathematics
3.14 64/625 < pi >3.14 169/625
in A.D.
263
considered as “insignificant art of literary composition”
it cultivates little, if at all, one’s moral character
considered as “insignificant art of literary composition”
it cultivates little, if at all, one’s moral character
Слайд 22Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Medicine
Medical Book of the Yellow Emperor
On Typhoid
(3rd century, 113 prescriptions)
Hua Tuo & Bian Que (Han dynasty)
Human vivisection (11th century)
Circulation of blood by William Harvey in 1618
Hua Tuo & Bian Que (Han dynasty)
Human vivisection (11th century)
Circulation of blood by William Harvey in 1618
Слайд 25Scientific Elements
in Chinese Tradition
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
“Printing, gunpowder and the
compass: these three inventions have already changed the face of the entire world and the condition of things. The first is concerned with learning, the second with warfare and the third with navigation.
The changes in these three areas will give rise to innumerable discoveries in other areas and no matter what empire, religion or constellation or human affairs; no human influence will be as great as that of the discovery of these mechanisms.
The changes in these three areas will give rise to innumerable discoveries in other areas and no matter what empire, religion or constellation or human affairs; no human influence will be as great as that of the discovery of these mechanisms.
Слайд 36Outline
The definition of science
Scientific elements in Chinese tradition
Factors contributing to China’s
failure to achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Слайд 37China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Why,
if China advanced
so
far so early,
did it fall behind in modern times?
did it fall behind in modern times?
Слайд 38China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Scientia contemplativa
vs.
scientia activa et operativa
Слайд 39China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Cultural factors
Institutional factors
Philosophical factors
Methodological factors
Other
factors
Слайд 40China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Cultural factors
Sinocentric view
the backview mirror
order
and harmony….. Avoid disorder and innovation
bureaucracy
bureaucracy
Слайд 41China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Cultural Factors
It is the Chinese
culture itself that absorbed most of the people’s energy and inhibited their inquisitive spirit.
Слайд 42China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Institutional Factors
The Civil Service
Examination
Слайд 43China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Philosophical Factors
Daoist love of nature
True
knowledge does not lead to the quest for a first cause or for an irreducible atom….. But to the self-transformation whereby man becomes one with the cosmos.
Aesthetic vs. scientific
Aesthetic vs. scientific
Слайд 44China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Philosophical Factors
Moist logic and empiricism
Space=that
which covers diff. Places
Duration=that that extends over different times
Cause=the obtaining of what a thing can be
Circle=that which has equidistant radii from its center
Duration=that that extends over different times
Cause=the obtaining of what a thing can be
Circle=that which has equidistant radii from its center
Слайд 45China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Methodological Factors
Methods of inquiry
Criteria of
truth
Слайд 46China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
CERN: particle collisions create tiny
fireballs 400 million times as hot as the sun, spraying out new matter.
Слайд 49China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Methodological Factors
Methods of inquiry
Criteria of
truth
Слайд 50China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
The Chinese method of inquiry
was a synthetic one….
Its criterion of truth was its compatibility with the transcendental principles of the immutable one.
The Western…basically an analytical one and its criterion of truth was its precision, exactness, and verifiability.
Its criterion of truth was its compatibility with the transcendental principles of the immutable one.
The Western…basically an analytical one and its criterion of truth was its precision, exactness, and verifiability.
Слайд 51China’s Failure to Achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Other Factors
absence of private
scientific
groups
etc. etc.
etc. etc.
Слайд 52Outline
The definition of science
Scientific elements in Chinese tradition
Factors contributing to China’s
failure to achieve a “Scientific Revolution”
Concluding Remarks
Concluding Remarks
Слайд 54China’s Scientific Tradition and the Great Inertia
San-pao Li, Ph.D.
Department of Asian
and Asian American Studies
California State University, Long Beach
April 24, 2003
California State University, Long Beach
April 24, 2003
