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Thinking Like an Economist презентация
Содержание
- 1. Thinking Like an Economist
- 2. Every field of study has its own terminology Mathematics Psychology Law
- 3. Every field of study has its own
- 4. Economics trains you to. .
- 5. The Economist as a Scientist
- 6. The Scientific Method Uses abstract models
- 7. The Role of Assumptions Economists make
- 8. The Economic Way of Thinking
- 9. Economic Models Economists use models to
- 10. The Circular-Flow Model The circular-flow model
- 11. The Circular-Flow Diagram Firms Households Market for
- 12. The Circular-Flow Diagram Households Buy and
- 13. The Circular-Flow Diagram Markets for Factors of
- 14. The Circular-Flow Diagram Factors of Production
- 15. The Production Possibilities Frontier The
- 16. The Production Possibilities Frontier Quantity of Computers Produced Quantity of Cars Produced 3,000 1,000
- 17. The Production Possibilities Frontier
- 18. Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier Efficiency Tradeoffs Opportunity Cost Economic Growth
- 19. The Production Possibilities Frontier
- 20. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Microeconomics focuses
- 21. Two Roles of Economists When
- 22. Positive versus Normative Analysis Positive
- 23. ? ? Positive or Normative
- 24. ? ? ? Positive or
- 25. ? ? ? ? Positive
- 26. ? ? ? Positive or
- 27. Economists in Washington . .
- 28. Why Economists Disagree They may
- 29. Examples of What Most Economists
- 30. Summary In order to address subjects with
- 31. Summary Economics relies on both positive and
- 33. The Circular-Flow Diagram
- 34. The Production Possibilities Frontier
- 35. The Production Possibilities Frontier
- 36. The Production Possibilities Frontier
Every field of study has its own terminology Mathematics Psychology Law
Слайд 3Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Demand
Elasticity
Consumer Surplus
Comparative advantage
Opportunity cost
Deadweight
loss
Слайд 4
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of
alternatives.
Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.
Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.
Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.
Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.
Слайд 5
The Economist as a Scientist
The economic way of thinking . .
.
Involves thinking analytically and objectively.
Makes use of the scientific method.
Involves thinking analytically and objectively.
Makes use of the scientific method.
Слайд 6
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex,
real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Observation, Theory and More Observation!
Слайд 7The Role of Assumptions
Economists make assumptions in order to make
the world easier to understand.
The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.
Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.
The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.
Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.
Слайд 8
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and
the analysis of the models.
Uses two approaches:
Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.)
Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Слайд 9Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to
improve our understanding of the world
Two of the most basic economic models include:
Two of the most basic economic models include:
The Circular Flow Model
The Production Possibilities Frontier
Слайд 10
The Circular-Flow Model
The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually
show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.
Слайд 11The Circular-Flow Diagram
Firms
Households
Market for
Factors
of Production
Market for
Goods
and Services
Слайд 12The Circular-Flow Diagram
Households
Buy and consume goods and services
Own and
sell factors of production
Firms
Produce and sell goods and services
Hire and use factors of production
Слайд 13The Circular-Flow Diagram
Markets for Factors of Production
Households sell
Firms buy
Markets
for Goods & Services
Firms sell
Households buy
Firms sell
Households buy
Слайд 14The Circular-Flow Diagram
Factors of Production
Inputs used to produce goods and
services
Land, labor, and capital
Land, labor, and capital
Слайд 15
The Production Possibilities Frontier
The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing
the various combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.
Слайд 16The Production Possibilities Frontier
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
Quantity of
Cars Produced
3,000
1,000
Слайд 17
The Production Possibilities Frontier
Quantity of
Computers
Produced
Quantity of
Cars Produced
3,000
1,000
2,000
2,200
A
700
600
300
0
1,000
B
C
D
Production
possibilities
frontier
Слайд 18
Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier
Efficiency
Tradeoffs
Opportunity Cost
Economic Growth
Слайд 19The Production
Possibilities Frontier
Quantity
of Computers
Produced
Quantity of
Cars Produced
3,000
2,000
A
700
0
1,000
An outward shift in
the production possibilities frontier
Слайд 20
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.
How
households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.
How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.
Слайд 21
Two Roles of Economists
When they are trying to explain the world,
they are scientists.
When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
Слайд 22
Positive versus Normative Analysis
Positive statements are statements that describe the world
as it is.
Called descriptive analysis
Normative statements are statements about how the world should be.
Called prescriptive analysis
Called descriptive analysis
Normative statements are statements about how the world should be.
Called prescriptive analysis
Слайд 23
?
?
Positive or Normative Statements?
An increase in the minimum wage will cause
a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.
Слайд 24
?
?
?
Positive or Normative Statements?
Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates
to increase.
Слайд 25
?
?
?
?
Positive or Normative Statements?
The income gains from a higher minimum wage
are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.
Слайд 26
?
?
?
Positive or Normative Statements?
State governments should be allowed to collect from
tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.
Слайд 27
Economists in Washington . . .
. . . serve as advisers
in the policymaking process of the three branches of government:
Legislative
Executive
Judicial
Legislative
Executive
Judicial
Слайд 28
Why Economists Disagree
They may disagree on theories about how the world
works.
They may hold different values and, thus, different normative views.
They may hold different values and, thus, different normative views.
Слайд 29
Examples of What Most Economists Agree On
A ceiling on rents reduces
the quantity and quality of housing available.
Tariffs and import quotas usually reduce general economic welfare.
Tariffs and import quotas usually reduce general economic welfare.
Слайд 30Summary
In order to address subjects with objectivity, economics makes use of
the scientific method.
The field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
The field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconomics and macroeconomics.
Слайд 31Summary
Economics relies on both positive and normative analysis. Positive statements assert
how the world “is” while normative statements assert how the world “should be.”
Economists may offer conflicting advice due to differences in scientific judgments or to differences in values.
Economists may offer conflicting advice due to differences in scientific judgments or to differences in values.
