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Electricity markets. Natural monopoly model презентация
Содержание
- 1. Electricity markets. Natural monopoly model
- 2. Overview Special features Stages of electricity production
- 3. Special features Demand fluctuations within the
- 4. Variations in hourly load California system, GW vs. hour
- 5. Special features Not storable (electricity today is not a substitute for electricity tomorrow)
- 6. Special features High costs of shortages Blackouts
- 7. Special features Electricity is a secondary source
- 8. Special features Electricity consuming capital is long
- 9. Special features Summary Demand fluctuations (within the
- 10. Production process Generation Transmission Distribution
- 11. Production process Generation Electricity is a secondary
- 12. How is electricity generated? http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=electricity_generating
- 13. Supply chain video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20Vb6hlLQSg
- 14. Electricity supply chain Generation: transformation of other
- 15. Minimum efficient scale MES is the level
- 16. Varian, Intermediate Microeconomics, Ch. 24
- 17. Modelling electricity markets High fixed cost Low
- 18. Traditional Monopoly Q P D MR MC Q* P*
- 19. Natural Monopoly Q P D MR MC AC
- 20. Natural Monopoly profit-max outcome Q P D MR MC Q* P* AC
- 21. Natural Monopoly profit-max outcome Q P D MR MC Q* P* AC
- 22. Natural Monopoly socially efficient outcome Q P D MR MC Qc Pc AC
- 23. Natural Monopoly DWL Q P D MR MC Q* P* AC
- 24. Natural Monopoly socially efficient outcome Q P D MR MC Qc Pc AC
- 25. Natural Monopoly socially efficient outcome Q P D MR MC Qc Pc AC
- 26. Natural Monopoly Policy 1. Public Ownership 2. Private Ownership + regulation
- 27. Natural Monopoly Average cost pricing outcome
- 28. Differentiating peak & off-peak demand
- 29. Peak & offpeak load P P Qp Qo
- 30. Which prices to charge? How to distribute
- 31. Peak & offpeak load Should the marginal
- 32. Peak & offpeak load Should the marginal
- 33. Smart meters and differentiating peak & off-peak demand
- 34. Peak-load pricing Electricity prices in Astana:
- 35. Peak-load pricing Summary Peak-load pricing allows a
- 36. Electricity industry in Kazakhstan
- 37. Industry structure Generation: mostly privately owned Transmission:
- 44. Review Special features Stages of electricity production Production function and costs Natural monopoly Regulation
- 45. Readings Dahl, Ch. 4 Kazenergy pp. 274-275, 290-291, 303-305.
Overview Special features Stages of electricity production Production function and costs Natural monopoly Regulation Technological change
Слайд 2Overview
Special features
Stages of electricity production
Production function and costs
Natural monopoly
Regulation
Technological change
Слайд 3Special features
Demand fluctuations
within the day, across seasons
Demand = load
Peak vs.
offpeak demand
Слайд 5Special features
Not storable (electricity today is not a substitute for electricity
tomorrow)
Слайд 6Special features
High costs of shortages
Blackouts or brownouts
Capacity >= load
“peak load problem”
Слайд 7Special features
Electricity is a secondary source of energy
Electricity is both an
output and an input with respect to other energy products
E.g. output with respect to …?
E.g. input with respect to …?
Electricity is a substitute to some of its inputs
E.g. output with respect to …?
E.g. input with respect to …?
Electricity is a substitute to some of its inputs
Слайд 8Special features
Electricity consuming capital is long lived (… years)
Electricity producing capital
is long lived (40 years)
Technology used often is not the most optimal
Technology used often is not the most optimal
Слайд 9Special features
Summary
Demand fluctuations (within the day, across seasons)
Not storable (electricity today
is not a substitute for electricity tomorrow)
High costs of shortages
Complex relations with respect to other energy products
High costs of shortages
Complex relations with respect to other energy products
Слайд 11Production process
Generation
Electricity is a secondary energy source
Transformation of one energy into
electricity
Mechanical power into electric power:
Hydropower and wind
Thermal (coal, gas, oil)
Solar
Nuclear
Mechanical power into electric power:
Hydropower and wind
Thermal (coal, gas, oil)
Solar
Nuclear
Слайд 12How is electricity generated?
http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=electricity_generating
Слайд 14Electricity supply chain
Generation: transformation of other energy into electric energy
Transmission: high
voltage transport of energy
Distribution: low voltage transport of energy
Distribution: low voltage transport of energy
Слайд 15Minimum efficient scale
MES is the level of output that minimizes average
cost relative to the demand
Слайд 17Modelling electricity markets
High fixed cost
Low variable cost
Average cost declines as Q
grows
Слайд 30Which prices to charge?
How to distribute costs among two consumer groups?
Fixed
cost? ~ “Capital cost” (Ck)
Variable cost? ~ “Operating cost” (Cp – during peak hours; Co – during offpeak hours)
Variable cost? ~ “Operating cost” (Cp – during peak hours; Co – during offpeak hours)
Слайд 31Peak & offpeak load
Should the marginal unit be supplied during peak
or offpeak? What should be its price?
P
Q
Do
Pp
Q
Dp
Co
Cp+Ck
Po
Слайд 32Peak & offpeak load
Should the marginal unit be supplied during peak
or offpeak? What should be its price?
P
Do
Pp
Q
Dp
Co
Cp+Ck
Po
Qo
Qp
Слайд 34Peak-load pricing
Electricity prices in Astana:
23:00-7:00 => 3.21 KZT/ kWh
7:00-23:00 => 14.52
KZT/ kWh
Слайд 35Peak-load pricing
Summary
Peak-load pricing allows a utility to cover the fixed cost.
Peak-load
pricing became feasible due to advances in technology.
Слайд 37Industry structure
Generation: mostly privately owned
Transmission: KEGOC, state-owned
Distribution: 15 regional distribution companies,
state/privately owned
Слайд 44Review
Special features
Stages of electricity production
Production function and costs
Natural monopoly
Regulation
