The ecological monitoring of soils condition. (Lesson 9) презентация

of Stavanger

“Joint Norwegian-Russian Master of Science program in Geoecological monitoring and rational use of natural resources in the Northern oil and gas production regions”

determined by the properties of depositing landscape components - soil cover and vegetation.

the interaction of all other landscape components:
the rocks, air, natural waters, vegetation, microorganisms and animals.

the surface of the soil and are absorbed by plants.

integral indicator of pollution of natural-territorial complexes, giving an idea of the quality life-supporting components - air and water

pollution of air, surface and groundwater.

chemical composition of the soil and the content of pollutants

general characteristics of the sanitarian parameter of land.

Soil texture,
A Acid-alkaline conditions,
O Organic matter content
and other properties of soil

which determine the mobility of chemical elements and the intensity of their involvement in the biological cycle.

the United States Department of Agriculture USDA:
Clay
Silt
Sand
Loam
Silty clay
Sandy clay
Clay loam
Silt loam
Sandy Loam
Loamy sand
Silty clay loam
Sandy clay loam
Determining the soil textures is often aided with the use of a soil texture triangle.

in soils. pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions (H+ or, more precisely, H3O+aq) in a solution.

In water, it normally ranges from -1 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH below 7 is is acidic and above 7 is alkaline.
The pH value in soils - 2,5 to 12,5.

solution and sorbed to soil surfaces.

While pH is the measure of H+ in solution, Al3+ is important in acid soils because between pH 4 and 6, Al3+ reacts with water (H2O) forming AlOH2+, and Al(OH)2+, releasing extra H+ ions. Every Al3+ ion can create[ 3 H+ ions.

Many other processes contribute to the formation of acid soils including rainfall, fertilizer use, plant root activity and the weathering of primary and secondary soil minerals. Acid soils can also be caused by pollutants such as acid rain and mine spoilings.

the pH is higher than 7.4, then the reaction of the soil is alkaline, lower - acidic.
In this case, acidic soils are classified as follows:
very strongly acidic - pH is within <4.0,
strong acid - pH 4.1-4.5,
medium acid - pH 4.6-5.0,
slightly acid - pH 5.1- 6.0,
weakly alkaline soils have pH 7.5-8.5,
strongly alkaline soils 8.6-10.0,
sharply alkaline pH> 10.0

Soil Conservation Service classifies soil pH ranges as follows

general pools:
living biomass of microorganisms,
fresh and partially decomposed residues,
and humus: the well-decomposed organic material.

the fraction of soil organic matter that is amorphous and without the cellular cake structure characteristic of plants, micro-organisms or animals.
Humus significantly influences the bulk density of soil and contributes to moisture and nutrient retention. Soil formation begins with the weathering of humus.

organic due to an accumulation of organic carbon. The three major horizons are: (A) surface horizon, (B) illuvial horizon (subsoil) and (C) substratum. Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface. Hard bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R.

ctr.),

Microelements, trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Hg, As, Sb, Co, Mn, Ba Sr, Mo, V ctr.).

oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—take a variety of chemical forms and may exist for long periods in the atmosphere, on land, in water, or beneath Earth’s surface.

soils: - change in texture, - change in the total saturation of the base (pH shift, etc.) - accumulation of toxic substances.

Water migration of pollutants and pollution of natural waters.
The absorption of pollutants by living organisms and their involvement in the biological cycle.

Description of soil profile includes description of soil horizons (color, soil texture, moisture, structure, density, composition, neoplasm, inclusions, carbonate reaction with HCl, the transition of the horizon and other features )

environmental pollution of terrestrial ecosystems

accordance with applicable standards (ГОСТ 17.1.5.02-80; ГОСТ 17.1.5.05-85; ГОСТ 17.4.3.01-83; ГОСТ 17.4.4.02-84)

ГОСТ 23707—79. Knives from polyethylene or polystyrene. Soil drills.
A refrigerator that maintains the temperature from 4 to 6 ° C. Refrigerators-bags.Laboratory balance for general use by ГОСТ 24104—80 with a maximum load of 200 and 1000 g. Enameled cuvettes. Glass crystallizers. Soil sieve with a mesh of 0.25; 0.5; 1; 3 mm by ГОСТ 3584—73.
Laboratory glass spirits by ГОСТ 10090—74.
Porcelain mortars and pestles by ГОСТ 9147—80.
Mortars and pistils of jasper, agate or fused corundum.
Vials or cans of glass wide-necked with ground glass stoppers with a capacity of 300, 500, 800, 1000 cm3.
Banks or boxes of food polyethylene or polystyrene. Metal spatulas by ГОСТ 19126—79.
Plastic spatulas by ГОСТ 19126—79.
Scoops.
Wrapping paper by ГОСТ 8273—75.
Medical glue.
Tracing paper by ГОСТ 892—70.
Cloth bags.
Packages and film polyethylene.
Parchment by ГОСТ 2995—73.
Tampons cotton-gauze sterile.
Cardboard Boxes.
Acid, hydrochloric acid by ГОСТ 3118—77, pure for analysis, a solution with a mass fraction of 3 and 10%.
Sodium hydroxide by ГОСТ -1328—77.
Rectified ethyl alcohol by ГОСТ 18300—72.
Technical formalin by ГОСТ 1625—75, The highest grade, a solution with a mass fraction of 3%.
Sodium chloride by ГОСТ 4233—77, Isotonic solution with a mass fraction of 0.85%.

is taken from one place of the horizon, or one layer of the soil profile, typical of this horizon, or layer.

and mineral one В (Вg)

of organogenic soils

diagonal methods in such a way that each sample represents a part of the soil, typical of the genetic horizons or layers of this soil type.

Number of point samples is determined according to
ГОСТ 17.4.3.01-83

(0.5 kg). The possibility of secondary contamination of samples is excluded by stripping of soil profile wall before sampling by a polyethylene or plastic knife.

to ГОСТ 5180-75 (without direct sunlight!)

Air-dried samples stored in cloth bags, in cardboard boxes or in glass containers.

bags, tightly closed and in this form are transmitted to the laboratory

to Evaluation of the background (initial) state of the environment of licensed area of oil&gas fields, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

on 11.26.2013) "On the territorial system of surveillance of the environment within the boundaries of the licensed areas subsoil for the purpose of oil and gas fields in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug"

pH values ,
concentration of NO3 ̃, PO4 ̃̃̃, SO4 ̄̃, Cl¯
HC ,
benzo(a)pyrene,  
 anionic surfactant synthetic
Total Fe, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr VI, Cd
phenols

Co, Pb, Cd, V, Mn, Ba, Cr, Hg

regional geochemical background
х + δ,
where х – average arithmetic, δ – standard deviation

Anomaly concentration х + 2δ
High anomaly concentration х + 3δ

field

Сi опр – value is determined by the content of i-toxicant in the soil ;
Сi рф – value of regionally-background content in the soil of i-toxicant .

estimation of environmental pollution degree is made.

level of pollution, the average degree of pollution

5 factors defining 85 % of all correlation communications.

Hg68 Zn62 Cu53 HC40
V64 Cr59

It is interpreted as anthropogenous factor, caused by pollution as a result of investigation and development oil-gas deposits of a tundra zone.

chemical compound of oil-gas deposits soils of Urengoj-tundra