The nature of life. Cell structure and function презентация

by
Doctor of Philosophy
Popovich A. P.
madbio@zsmu.zp.ua

ZAPOROZHYE STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL BIOLOGY

main characteristics of Living Things
- Levels of organization
- Pro and Eukaryotes
- Cell structure and functions

the following:
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Living things reproduce.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Living thins obtain and use materials and energy.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.

level is the molecules that make up living things.

cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

which continues with the flasme membrane and the nuclear envelops.
Provididing
A large surface area for chemical reactions
A pathway for the transport of material the cell
Producing
Proteins, especially enzymes (rough ER)
Lipids and steroids (smouth ER)
Collecting and storing synthesized material

a stack of pita bread. A Golgi stack has a polarity: the cis face and the trans face.
The cis face receives the products of the ER. These products are usually modified during their transit from the cis pole to the trans pole of the Golgi.
The trans face gives rise to vesicles, which pinch of and travel to other sites.
Its functions include:
Producing glycoproteins, secretory enzymes, carbohydrates.
Transporting and storing lipids.
Forming lysosomes, acrosome.

outer of which controls the entry and exit of chemicals.
The inner membrane is folded inwards, giving rise to extensions called cristae. They inerease the surface area on which respiratory processes take place. The remainder of the motochondrion is the matri, which contain frotein, lipids and DNA.
Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration.

the cell. Vacuoles have various functlons:
Food vacoules – for inrtacellular Ligestion.
Contractole vacuoles – pump excess water out of the cell
Central vacuole enclosed by a membrane called tonoplast can hold important organic compounds inorganic ions, pigments in the plant cells.

are three types of plastids: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts.
In higher plants chloroplasts are bounded by a double membrane.

envelope with many pores. The cytoplasm – like material within the nucleus is callednucleoplasm. It contains chromatin and nucleolus.
The nucleus contains the genetic material of a cell, controls it activities, manufactures ribosomes and RNA.

enzymes that the cell uses to digest material which the cell consumes from the environment, to digest part of the cell (autophagy).

a number of metabolically important enzymes, in particular the enzyme catalase, which catalyses the break down of hydrogen peroxide.

one small subunit, and comprise RNA, known as ribosomal RNA, and protein. They perform the protein synthesis.

NON-MEMBRANOUS STRUCTURES

animal cell which contains a pair of centrioles, each composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrosome helps to organize the spindle during cell division.

It plays a major role in organizing the structures and activities of the cell. The three main types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton:
Mocrotubules – are the thickest and constructed from a protein – tubulin;
Microfilaments – are the thinnest, also called action filaments;
Intermediate filamets – are fibers with diameters in a middle range.