The Chemical Context of Life презентация

Содержание

1. The Chemical Context of Life
2. Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology
3. Fig. 2-1
4. Fig. 2-2 EXPERIMENT RESULTS Cedrela
5. Fig. 2-2a Cedrela sapling Duroia tree Inside,
6. Fig. 2-2b Dead leaf tissue (cm2) after
7. Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements
8. Elements and Compounds Matter is made up
9. Fig. 2-3 Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride
10. Fig. 2-3a Sodium
11. Fig. 2-3b Chlorine
12. Fig. 2-3c Sodium chloride
13. Essential Elements of Life About 25 of
14. Table 2-1
15. (a) Nitrogen deficiency Fig. 2-4 (b) Iodine deficiency
16. Fig. 2-4a (a) Nitrogen deficiency
17. Fig. 2-4b (b) Iodine deficiency
18. Concept 2.2: An element’s properties depend on
19. Subatomic Particles Atoms are composed of subatomic
20. Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus
21. Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons) Fig. 2-5 Nucleus Electrons (b) (a)
22. Atomic Number and Atomic Mass Atoms of
23. Isotopes All atoms of an element have
24. Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological
25. Fig. 2-6
26. Fig. 2-6a Compounds including radioactive tracer
27. Fig. 2-6b TECHNIQUE The test tubes are placed in a scintillation counter. 3
28. Fig. 2-6c RESULTS Counts per minute
29. Fig. 2-7 Cancerous throat tissue
30. The Energy Levels of Electrons Energy is
31. Fig. 2-8 (a) A ball bouncing down
32. Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties The chemical
33. Fig. 2-9 Hydrogen 1H Lithium 3Li Beryllium
34. Valence electrons are those in the outermost
35. Electron Orbitals An orbital is the three-dimensional
36. Fig. 2-10-1 Electron-distribution diagram (a) Neon, with
37. Electron-distribution diagram (a) (b) Separate electron orbitals
38. Electron-distribution diagram (a) (b) Separate electron orbitals
39. Electron-distribution diagram (a) (b) Separate electron orbitals
40. Concept 2.3: The formation and function of
41. Covalent Bonds A covalent bond is the
42. Fig. 2-11 Hydrogen atoms (2 H) Hydrogen molecule (H2)
43. A molecule consists of two or more
44. The notation used to represent atoms and
45. Fig. 2-12 Name and Molecular Formula Electron-
46. Fig. 2-12a (a) Hydrogen (H2) Name and
47. Fig. 2-12b (b) Oxygen (O2) Name and
48. Fig. 2-12c (c) Water (H2O) Name and
49. Fig. 2-12d (d) Methane (CH4) Name and
50. Covalent bonds can form between atoms of
51. Electronegativity is an atom’s attraction for the
52. In a nonpolar covalent bond, the atoms
53. Fig. 2-13 δ – δ+ δ+ H H O H2O
54. Ionic Bonds Atoms sometimes strip electrons from
55. Fig. 2-14-1 Na Cl Na Sodium atom Chlorine atom Cl
56. Fig. 2-14-2 Na Cl Na Cl Na
57. A cation is a positively charged ion
58. Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called
59. Fig. 2-15 Na+ Cl–
60. Weak Chemical Bonds Most of the strongest
61. Hydrogen Bonds A hydrogen bond forms when
62. Fig. 2-16 δ − δ+ δ+ δ
63. Van der Waals Interactions If electrons are
64. Collectively, such interactions can be strong, as
65. Fig. 2-UN1
66. Molecular Shape and Function A molecule’s shape
67. Fig. 2-17 s orbital Three p orbitals
68. Fig. 2-17a s orbital z x y
69. Fig. 2-17b Space-filling Model Ball-and-stick Model Hybrid-orbital
70. Biological molecules recognize and interact with each
71. Fig. 2-18 (a) Structures of endorphin and
72. Fig. 2-18a Natural endorphin Morphine Key Carbon
73. Fig. 2-18b Natural endorphin Endorphin receptors Brain cell Binding to endorphin receptors Morphine (b)
74. Concept 2.4: Chemical reactions make and break
75. Fig. 2-UN2 Reactants Reaction Products 2 H2 O2 2 H2O
76. Photosynthesis is an important chemical reaction
77. Fig. 2-19
78. Some chemical reactions go to completion: all
79. Fig. 2-UN3 Nucleus Protons (+ charge)
80. Fig. 2-UN4
81. Fig. 2-UN5 Single covalent bond Double covalent bond
82. Fig. 2-UN6 Ionic bond Electron transfer
83. Fig. 2-UN7
84. Fig. 2-UN8
85. Fig. 2-UN9
86. Fig. 2-UN10
87. Fig. 2-UN11
88. You should now be able to: Identify

Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology Biology is a multidisciplinary science Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry One example is the use of formic acid

Слайд 1Chapter 2
The Chemical Context of Life

Слайд 2Overview: A Chemical Connection to Biology

Biology is a multidisciplinary science
Living organisms

are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry
One example is the use of formic acid by ants to maintain “devil’s gardens,” stands of Duroia trees

Слайд 3Fig. 2-1

Слайд 4

Fig. 2-2
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Cedrela
sapling
Duroia
tree
Inside,
unprotected
Inside,
protected
Devil’s
garden
Outside,
unprotected
Outside,
protected
Insect
barrier
Dead leaf tissue (cm2)
after one day
Inside,
unprotected
Inside,
protected
Outside,
unprotected
Outside,
protected
Cedrela saplings, inside

and outside devil’s gardens

Слайд 5Fig. 2-2a
Cedrela
sapling
Duroia
tree
Inside,
unprotected
Devil’s
garden
Inside,
protected
Insect
barrier
Outside,
unprotected
Outside,
protected

EXPERIMENT

Слайд 6Fig. 2-2b
Dead leaf tissue (cm2)
after one day
16
12
8
4
0
Inside,
unprotected
Inside,
protected
Outside,
unprotected
Outside,
protected
Cedrela saplings, inside and outside

devil’s gardens

RESULTS

Слайд 7Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and

in combinations called compounds

Organisms are composed of matter
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

Слайд 8Elements and Compounds
Matter is made up of elements
An element is

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements

Слайд 9Fig. 2-3
Sodium
Chlorine
Sodium
chloride

Слайд 10Fig. 2-3a
Sodium

Слайд 11Fig. 2-3b
Chlorine

Слайд 12Fig. 2-3c
Sodium chloride

Слайд 13Essential Elements of Life
About 25 of the 92 elements are essential

to life
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter
Most of the remaining 4% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur
Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantities

Слайд 14Table 2-1

Слайд 15(a) Nitrogen deficiency
Fig. 2-4
(b) Iodine deficiency

Слайд 16Fig. 2-4a
(a) Nitrogen deficiency

Слайд 17Fig. 2-4b
(b) Iodine deficiency

Слайд 18Concept 2.2: An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms
Each

element consists of unique atoms
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

Слайд 19Subatomic Particles
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles
Relevant subatomic particles include:
Neutrons (no

electrical charge)
Protons (positive charge)
Electrons (negative charge)

Слайд 20Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus
Electrons form a cloud around

the nucleus
Neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical and are measured in daltons

Слайд 21Cloud of negative
charge (2 electrons)
Fig. 2-5
Nucleus

Electrons
(b)
(a)

Слайд 22Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Atoms of the various elements differ in

number of subatomic particles
An element’s atomic number is the number of protons in its nucleus
An element’s mass number is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
Atomic mass, the atom’s total mass, can be approximated by the mass number

Слайд 23Isotopes
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons

but may differ in number of neutrons
Isotopes are two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons
Radioactive isotopes decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Слайд 24Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research are:
Dating fossils
Tracing atoms

through metabolic processes
Diagnosing medical disorders

Слайд 25

Fig. 2-6
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS
Compounds including
radioactive tracer
(bright blue)
Incubators
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10°C
15°C
20°C
25°C
30°C
35°C
40°C
45°C
50°C
1
2
3
Human cells
Human
cells are
incubated
with compounds used to
make DNA.

One compound is
labeled with 3H.

The cells are
placed in test
tubes; their DNA is
isolated; and
unused labeled
compounds are
removed.

DNA (old and new)

The test tubes are placed in a scintillation counter.

Counts per minute
(× 1,000)

Optimum
temperature
for DNA
synthesis

Temperature (ºC)

Слайд 26
Fig. 2-6a
Compounds including
radioactive tracer
(bright blue)
Human cells
Incubators
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
50ºC
45ºC
40ºC
25ºC
30ºC
35ºC
15ºC
20ºC
10ºC
Human
cells are
incubated
with compounds used to
make DNA.

One compound is
labeled with 3H.

The cells are
placed in test
tubes; their DNA is
isolated; and
unused labeled
compounds are
removed.

DNA (old and new)

TECHNIQUE

Слайд 27
Fig. 2-6b
TECHNIQUE
The test tubes are placed in a scintillation counter.

3

Слайд 28
Fig. 2-6c
RESULTS
Counts per minute
(× 1,000)
0
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
Temperature (ºC)
Optimum
temperature
for DNA
synthesis

Слайд 29Fig. 2-7
Cancerous
throat
tissue

Слайд 30The Energy Levels of Electrons
Energy is the capacity to cause change
Potential

energy is the energy that matter has because of its location or structure
The electrons of an atom differ in their amounts of potential energy
An electron’s state of potential energy is called its energy level, or electron shell

Слайд 31Fig. 2-8
(a) A ball bouncing down a flight
of

stairs provides an analogy
for energy levels of electrons

Third shell (highest energy
level)

Second shell (higher
energy level)

Energy
absorbed

First shell (lowest energy
level)

Atomic
nucleus

(b)

Energy
lost

Слайд 32Electron Distribution and Chemical Properties
The chemical behavior of an atom is

determined by the distribution of electrons in electron shells
The periodic table of the elements shows the electron distribution for each element

Слайд 33Fig. 2-9
Hydrogen
1H
Lithium
3Li
Beryllium
4Be
Boron
5B
Carbon
6C
Nitrogen
7N
Oxygen
8O
Fluorine
9F
Neon
10Ne
Helium
2He
Atomic number

Element symbol
Electron-
distribution
diagram
Atomic mass
2
He
4.00
First
shell
Second
shell
Third
shell
Sodium
11Na
Magnesium
12Mg
Aluminum
13Al
Silicon
14Si
Phosphorus
15P
Sulfur
16S
Chlorine
17Cl
Argon
18Ar

Слайд 34Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or valence shell
The

chemical behavior of an atom is mostly determined by the valence electrons
Elements with a full valence shell are chemically inert

Слайд 35Electron Orbitals
An orbital is the three-dimensional space where an electron is

found 90% of the time
Each electron shell consists of a specific number of orbitals

Слайд 36Fig. 2-10-1
Electron-distribution
diagram
(a)
Neon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)
First shell
Second shell

Слайд 37Electron-distribution
diagram
(a)
(b)
Separate electron
orbitals
Neon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)
First shell
Second shell
1s orbital
Fig.

2-10-2

Слайд 38Electron-distribution
diagram
(a)
(b)
Separate electron
orbitals
Neon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)
First shell
Second shell
1s orbital
2s

orbital

Three 2p orbitals

Fig. 2-10-3

Слайд 39Electron-distribution
diagram
(a)
(b)
Separate electron
orbitals
Neon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)
First shell
Second shell
1s orbital
2s

orbital

Three 2p orbitals

(c)

Superimposed electron
orbitals

1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals

Fig. 2-10-4

Слайд 40Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical

bonding between atoms

Atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer valence electrons with certain other atoms
These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called chemical bonds

Слайд 41Covalent Bonds
A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of

valence electrons by two atoms
In a covalent bond, the shared electrons count as part of each atom’s valence shell

Слайд 42Fig. 2-11
Hydrogen
atoms (2 H)
Hydrogen
molecule (H2)

Слайд 43A molecule consists of two or more atoms held together by

covalent bonds
A single covalent bond, or single bond, is the sharing of one pair of valence electrons
A double covalent bond, or double bond, is the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

Слайд 44The notation used to represent atoms and bonding is called a

structural formula
For example, H–H
This can be abbreviated further with a molecular formula
For example, H2

Animation: Covalent Bonds

Слайд 45Fig. 2-12
Name and
Molecular
Formula
Electron-
distribution
Diagram
Lewis Dot
Structure and
Structural
Formula
Space-
filling
Model
(a) Hydrogen (H2)
(b) Oxygen (O2)
(c) Water

(H2O)

(d) Methane (CH4)

Слайд 46Fig. 2-12a
(a) Hydrogen (H2)
Name and
Molecular
Formula
Electron-
distribution
Diagram
Lewis Dot
Structure and
Structural
Formula
Space-
filling
Model

Слайд 47Fig. 2-12b
(b) Oxygen (O2)
Name and
Molecular
Formula
Electron-
distribution
Diagram
Lewis Dot
Structure and
Structural
Formula
Space-
filling
Model

Слайд 48Fig. 2-12c
(c) Water (H2O)
Name and
Molecular
Formula
Electron-
distribution
Diagram
Lewis Dot
Structure and
Structural
Formula
Space-
filling
Model

Слайд 49Fig. 2-12d
(d) Methane (CH4)
Name and
Molecular
Formula
Electron-
distribution
Diagram
Lewis Dot
Structure and
Structural
Formula
Space-
filling
Model

Слайд 50Covalent bonds can form between atoms of the same element or

atoms of different elements
A compound is a combination of two or more different elements
Bonding capacity is called the atom’s valence

Слайд 51Electronegativity is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent

bond
The more electronegative an atom, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

Слайд 52In a nonpolar covalent bond, the atoms share the electron equally
In

a polar covalent bond, one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share the electron equally
Unequal sharing of electrons causes a partial positive or negative charge for each atom or molecule

Слайд 53Fig. 2-13
δ –
δ+
δ+
H
H
O
H2O

Слайд 54Ionic Bonds
Atoms sometimes strip electrons from their bonding partners
An example is

the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine
After the transfer of an electron, both atoms have charges
A charged atom (or molecule) is called an ion

Слайд 55Fig. 2-14-1
Na
Cl
Na
Sodium atom
Chlorine atom
Cl

Слайд 56Fig. 2-14-2
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Na
Sodium atom
Chlorine atom
Cl
Na+
Sodium ion
(a cation)
Cl–
Chloride ion
(an anion)
Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Слайд 57A cation is a positively charged ion
An anion is a negatively

charged ion
An ionic bond is an attraction between an anion and a cation

Animation: Ionic Bonds

Слайд 58Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ionic compounds, or salts
Salts,

such as sodium chloride (table salt), are often found in nature as crystals

Слайд 59Fig. 2-15
Na+
Cl–

Слайд 60Weak Chemical Bonds
Most of the strongest bonds in organisms are covalent

bonds that form a cell’s molecules
Weak chemical bonds, such as ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds, are also important
Weak chemical bonds reinforce shapes of large molecules and help molecules adhere to each other

Слайд 61Hydrogen Bonds
A hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded

to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
In living cells, the electronegative partners are usually oxygen or nitrogen atoms

Слайд 62Fig. 2-16
δ −
δ+
δ+
δ −
δ+
δ+
δ+
Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hydrogen bond

Слайд 63Van der Waals Interactions
If electrons are distributed asymmetrically in molecules or

atoms, they can result in “hot spots” of positive or negative charge
Van der Waals interactions are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

Слайд 64Collectively, such interactions can be strong, as between molecules of a

gecko’s toe hairs and a wall surface

Слайд 65Fig. 2-UN1

Слайд 66Molecular Shape and Function
A molecule’s shape is usually very important to

its function
A molecule’s shape is determined by the positions of its atoms’ valence orbitals
In a covalent bond, the s and p orbitals may hybridize, creating specific molecular shapes

Слайд 67Fig. 2-17
s orbital
Three p
orbitals
(a) Hybridization of orbitals
Tetrahedron
Four hybrid orbitals
Space-filling
Model
Ball-and-stick
Model
Hybrid-orbital Model
(with ball-and-stick
model

superimposed)

Unbonded
electron
pair

104.5º

Water (H2O)

Methane (CH4)

(b) Molecular-shape models

Слайд 68Fig. 2-17a
s orbital
z
x
y
Three p
orbitals
Hybridization of orbitals
Four hybrid orbitals
Tetrahedron
(a)

Слайд 69Fig. 2-17b
Space-filling
Model
Ball-and-stick
Model
Hybrid-orbital Model
(with ball-and-stick
model superimposed)
Unbonded
electron
pair
104.5º
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
Molecular-shape models
(b)

Слайд 70Biological molecules recognize and interact with each other with a specificity

based on molecular shape
Molecules with similar shapes can have similar biological effects

Слайд 71Fig. 2-18
(a) Structures of endorphin and morphine
(b) Binding to endorphin receptors
Natural
endorphin
Endorphin
receptors
Morphine
Brain

cell

Morphine

Natural endorphin

Key

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Sulfur

Oxygen

Слайд 72Fig. 2-18a
Natural endorphin
Morphine
Key
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
Structures of endorphin and morphine
(a)

Слайд 73Fig. 2-18b
Natural
endorphin
Endorphin
receptors
Brain cell
Binding to endorphin receptors
Morphine
(b)

Слайд 74Concept 2.4: Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
Chemical reactions are

the making and breaking of chemical bonds
The starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called reactants
The final molecules of a chemical reaction are called products

Слайд 75Fig. 2-UN2
Reactants
Reaction
Products
2 H2
O2
2 H2O

Слайд 76Photosynthesis is an important chemical reaction
Sunlight powers the conversion of

carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen
6 CO2 + 6 H20 → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Слайд 77Fig. 2-19

Слайд 78Some chemical reactions go to completion: all reactants are converted to

products
All chemical reactions are reversible: products of the forward reaction become reactants for the reverse reaction
Chemical equilibrium is reached when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal

Слайд 79Fig. 2-UN3
Nucleus

Protons (+ charge)
determine element
Neutrons (no charge)
determine isotope
Atom
Electrons (– charge) form

negative cloud
and determine
chemical behavior

Слайд 80Fig. 2-UN4

Слайд 81Fig. 2-UN5
Single
covalent bond
Double
covalent bond

Слайд 82Fig. 2-UN6
Ionic bond

Electron
transfer
forms ions
Na
Sodium atom
Cl
Chlorine atom
Na+
Sodium ion
(a cation)
Cl–
Chloride ion
(an anion)

Слайд 83Fig. 2-UN7

Слайд 84Fig. 2-UN8

Слайд 85Fig. 2-UN9

Слайд 86Fig. 2-UN10

Слайд 87Fig. 2-UN11

Слайд 88You should now be able to:
Identify the four major elements
Distinguish between

the following pairs of terms: neutron and proton, atomic number and mass number, atomic weight and mass number
Distinguish between and discuss the biological importance of the following: nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions

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The Chemical Context of Life презентация

Содержание

Слайд 1Chapter 2The Chemical Context of Life

Слайд 2Overview: A Chemical Connection to BiologyBiology is a multidisciplinary scienceLiving organisms

Слайд 3Fig. 2-1

Слайд 4Fig. 2-2EXPERIMENTRESULTSCedrelasaplingDuroiatreeInside,unprotectedInside,protectedDevil’sgardenOutside,unprotected Outside,protected InsectbarrierDead leaf tissue (cm2)after one dayInside,unprotectedInside,protectedOutside,unprotectedOutside,protectedCedrela saplings, inside

Слайд 5Fig. 2-2aCedrelasaplingDuroiatreeInside,unprotectedDevil’sgardenInside,protectedInsectbarrierOutside,unprotectedOutside,protectedEXPERIMENT

Слайд 6Fig. 2-2bDead leaf tissue (cm2)after one day1612840Inside,unprotectedInside,protectedOutside,unprotectedOutside,protectedCedrela saplings, inside and outside

Слайд 7Concept 2.1: Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and

Слайд 8Elements and CompoundsMatter is made up of elements An element is

Слайд 9Fig. 2-3SodiumChlorineSodiumchloride

Слайд 10Fig. 2-3aSodium

Слайд 11Fig. 2-3bChlorine

Слайд 12Fig. 2-3cSodium chloride

Слайд 13Essential Elements of LifeAbout 25 of the 92 elements are essential

Слайд 14Table 2-1

Слайд 15(a) Nitrogen deficiencyFig. 2-4(b) Iodine deficiency

Слайд 16Fig. 2-4a(a) Nitrogen deficiency

Слайд 17Fig. 2-4b(b) Iodine deficiency

Слайд 18Concept 2.2: An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atomsEach

Слайд 19Subatomic ParticlesAtoms are composed of subatomic particlesRelevant subatomic particles include:Neutrons (no

Слайд 20Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleusElectrons form a cloud around

Слайд 21Cloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)Fig. 2-5NucleusElectrons(b)(a)

Слайд 22Atomic Number and Atomic MassAtoms of the various elements differ in

Слайд 23IsotopesAll atoms of an element have the same number of protons

Слайд 24Some applications of radioactive isotopes in biological research are:Dating fossilsTracing atoms

Слайд 25Fig. 2-6TECHNIQUERESULTSCompounds includingradioactive tracer(bright blue)Incubators12345678910°C15°C20°C25°C30°C35°C40°C45°C50°C123Human cellsHumancells areincubatedwith compounds used tomake DNA.

Слайд 26Fig. 2-6aCompounds includingradioactive tracer(bright blue)Human cellsIncubators12345678950ºC45ºC40ºC25ºC30ºC35ºC15ºC20ºC10ºCHumancells areincubatedwith compounds used tomake DNA.

Слайд 27Fig. 2-6bTECHNIQUEThe test tubes are placed in a scintillation counter.3

Слайд 28Fig. 2-6cRESULTSCounts per minute(× 1,000)01020304050102030Temperature (ºC)Optimumtemperaturefor DNAsynthesis

Слайд 29Fig. 2-7Cancerousthroattissue

Слайд 30The Energy Levels of ElectronsEnergy is the capacity to cause changePotential

Слайд 31Fig. 2-8(a) A ball bouncing down a flight of

Слайд 32Electron Distribution and Chemical PropertiesThe chemical behavior of an atom is

Слайд 34Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell, or valence shellThe

Слайд 35Electron OrbitalsAn orbital is the three-dimensional space where an electron is

Слайд 36Fig. 2-10-1Electron-distributiondiagram(a)Neon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)First shellSecond shell

Слайд 37Electron-distributiondiagram(a)(b)Separate electronorbitalsNeon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)First shellSecond shell1s orbitalFig.

Слайд 38Electron-distributiondiagram(a)(b)Separate electronorbitalsNeon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)First shellSecond shell1s orbital2s

Слайд 39Electron-distributiondiagram(a)(b)Separate electronorbitalsNeon, with two filled shells (10 electrons)First shellSecond shell1s orbital2s