Checked by: Irina Ivanovna
Course: 2 gr(207)
Faculty: Dentistry
Semey 2017
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Introduction to metabolism презентация
Содержание
- 1. Introduction to metabolism
- 2. Introduction to Metabolism
- 3. Metabolism is the sum of an organism’s
- 4. A metabolic pathway begins with a specific
- 5. ENZYMES THAT WORK TOGETHER IN A PATHWAY
- 6. CATABOLIC PATHWAY (CATABOLISM) Release of energy by
- 7. Krebs Cycle connects the catabolic and anabolic pathways
- 8. Forms of Energy ENERGY = capacity to
- 9. KINETIC ENERGY – energy associated with
- 10. On the platform, the diver has more
- 11. THERMODYNAMICS = the study of energy
- 12. The First Law of Thermodynamics = energy
- 13. The Second Law of Thermodynamics During every
- 14. Chemical energy Heat CO2 First law
- 15. Free-Energy Change (ΔG) can help tell which
- 16. Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism EXERGONIC
- 17. Concept 8.3: ATP powers cellular work by
- 18. Phosphate groups Ribose Adenine ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- 19. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy P P P
- 20. P i ADP Energy for cellular work
- 21. Endergonic reaction: DG is positive, reaction
Introduction to Metabolism
Слайд 1SEMEY STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
Chair of biochemistry and chemistry disciplines
SIW
Prepared by: Zhumakanova
T.M
Checked by: Irina Ivanovna
Course: 2 gr(207)
Faculty: Dentistry
Checked by: Irina Ivanovna
Course: 2 gr(207)
Faculty: Dentistry
Слайд 3Metabolism is the sum of an organism’s chemical reactions
Metabolism is an
emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell
Слайд 4A metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule and ends with
a product
The product of one reaction is substrate of the next
Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
The product of one reaction is substrate of the next
Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY
VIDEO
Слайд 5ENZYMES THAT WORK TOGETHER IN A PATHWAY CAN BE
Soluble with
free
floating
intermediates
intermediates
Covalently bound in
complex
Attached to
a membrane
in sequence
Concentrated in specific location
Слайд 6CATABOLIC PATHWAY (CATABOLISM) Release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules
to simpler compounds
EX: digestive enzymes break down food
ANABOLIC PATHWAY (ANABOLISM) consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones EX: linking amino acids to form proteins
ANABOLIC PATHWAY (ANABOLISM) consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones EX: linking amino acids to form proteins
Слайд 8Forms of Energy
ENERGY = capacity to cause change
Energy exists in various
forms
(some of which can perform work)
Energy can be converted from one form to another
Energy can be converted from one form to another
Слайд 9KINETIC ENERGY –
energy associated with motion
HEAT (thermal energy) is kinetic
energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules
POTENTIAL ENERGY = energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
CHEMICAL energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
POTENTIAL ENERGY = energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
CHEMICAL energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
Слайд 10On the platform, the diver has
more potential energy.
Diving converts
potential energy to
kinetic energy.
Climbing up converts kinetic energy
of muscle movement to potential energy.
In the water, the diver has
less potential energy.
Слайд 11THERMODYNAMICS
= the study of energy transformations
CLOSED system (EX: liquid in
a thermos)
= isolated from its surroundings
OPEN system energy + matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Organisms are open systems
OPEN system energy + matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Organisms are open systems
Слайд 12The First Law of Thermodynamics
= energy of the universe is constant
Energy
can be transferred and transformed
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
The first law is also called the principle of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
The first law is also called the principle of CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Слайд 13The Second Law of Thermodynamics
During every energy transfer or transformation
entropy (disorder)
of the universe INCREASES
some energy is unusable, often lost as heat
some energy is unusable, often lost as heat
Слайд 14Chemical
energy
Heat
CO2
First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
H2O
ORGANISMS are energy TRANSFORMERS!
Spontaneous
processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly
For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe
For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the entropy of the universe
Слайд 15Free-Energy Change (ΔG) can help tell which reactions will happen
∆G
= change in free energy
∆H = change in total energy (enthalpy) or change ∆S = entropy
T = temperature
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
Only processes with a negative ∆G are spontaneous
Spontaneous processes can be harnessed to perform work
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
Only processes with a negative ∆G are spontaneous
Spontaneous processes can be harnessed to perform work
Слайд 16Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism
EXERGONIC reactions
(- ∆G)
Release energy
are
spontaneous
ENDERGONIC reactions (+ ∆G)
Absorb energy from their surroundings
are non-spontaneous
ENDERGONIC reactions (+ ∆G)
Absorb energy from their surroundings
are non-spontaneous
Слайд 17Concept 8.3: ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to
endergonic reactions
A cell does three main kinds of work:
Mechanical
Transport
Chemical
In the cell, the energy from the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis can be used to drive an endergonic reaction
Overall, the coupled reactions are exergonic
Слайд 18Phosphate groups
Ribose
Adenine
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the cell’s renewable and reusable energy
shuttle
ATP provides energy for cellular functions
Energy to charge ATP comes from catabolic reactions
ATP provides energy for cellular functions
Energy to charge ATP comes from catabolic reactions
Слайд 19Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy
P
P
P
P
P
P
i
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Inorganic phosphate
H2O
+
+
Слайд 20P
i
ADP
Energy for cellular work
provided by the loss of
phosphate from ATP
Energy from
catabolism
(used to charge up ADP into ATP
(used to charge up ADP into ATP
ATP
+
Слайд 21Endergonic reaction:
DG is positive, reaction is not spontaneous
Exergonic reaction:
DG
is negative, reaction is spontaneous
ΔG = +3.4 kcal/mol
ΔG = –7.3 kcal/mol
ΔG = –3.9 kcal/mol
NH2
NH3
Glu
Glu
Glutamic
acid
Coupled reactions:
Overall DG is negative;
Together, reactions are spontaneous
Ammonia
Glutamine
ATP
H2O
ADP
P
i
+
+
+
