(what different cultures make of sex.)
Voice
Physique
Dress
Behaviour
Hair style
Kinetics
Language use
Gender identity
New York opera star who specialized in singing contralto "trouser roles."
Why is it important
social intercourse requires that the interacting parties know to which gender category `the other' belongs
Gender roles:
Do women in our society have a second class status relative to men?
If so How?
How do we measure gender stratification?
We can also look at the roles played by women and the value society places on them roles
Generally: Differential access to Wealth, Power, and Prestige
Men and women are socialized to express themselves in different ways in accordance with cultural norms that teach and reinforce differentiated gender roles
THE CUP
Men often use socially disfavored variants of sociolinguistic variables while women tend to avoid these in favor of socially more favored variants.
Genderlects
Gender is a factor in the choice of variant
What motivates boys to choose /in/ and girls /ing/
/in/ form is used in informal settings and /ing/ in more formal contexts
The /ing/ variant therefore carries social meaning – i.e. it symbolizes formality
/ing/may also be associated with compliance and politeness
formality, politeness, compliance
with female
– go together
Intonation
What does talking melodically and faster imply?
What does talking in a monotone and slower imply?
Melodically and faster - emotionality and natural impulses
Monotone and slower - control and restraint
This is a cultural interpretation
Which does our society value?
Masculine speech melodies can be heard to be metaphors for control
female speech melodies as uncontrolled
women’s speech behaviour is negatively evaluated in relation to male norms
Women’s frequent changes in pitch and volume may serve the function of attracting and holding the listeners attention
Women use more tag questions than men
Explanations for differences
Explanations for differences
Do Men and Women Use Language Differently?
Describe the Picture?
Men took almost 4 times as long to describe painting by Durer as women
Why?
Perhaps because women are socialized to defer to men in thier speech
“talkative” women are women who talk as much as men
Because men have more rights to talk they are not seen as talkative
In real settings men tend to be more talkative
In discussions of emotion men talked less – were more silent
Why?
Is the unwillingness to talk a means to maintain and assert power?
By not talking men appear unemotional and rational – a good way to express control
By being silent men control the conversation – “play by my rules”
In emotional settings who talks more?
Demonstrates a clear inequality in the rights of men and women in conversation
Men use mechanisms of power and control in conversations with women
Interruptions prevent a person from expressing themselves fully and also allow for control of the topic
Do these sorts of interactions contribute to women’s subordaintion?
What do interruptions do?
What does this table demonstrate?
Does Status outweigh gender?
The efforts people make to maintain a conversation
Who Does more of What?
Women do more of the work of conversation
(Tannen 1992: 75)
Order of linguistic terms reflects cognitive importance
Good and evil
Happy and sad
Rich and poor
Dominant subordinate
Bride and groom
Ladies and gentlemen
Mother and father
In formal polite contexts, or emotional contexts they may be reversed
Paired words also give positive connotations to the first word
Sexism in the English language
Man
X
When he or man is used generically male images surface
the lexical bias reflects a social bias in the culture
What happens when you try to correct lexical bias?
Once alternatives have been offered, each speaker is faced with a choice of which form to use.
Queen
Hussy
Spinster
Tart
Girl
Mistress
Wench
Whore
Harlot
Woman in charge of spinning
A young child of either sex
A lover of either sex
A fellow of either sex
housewife
Term of endearment for young women
a female sovereign ruler
a youthful female person;
a woman who has power, authority, or ownership
Semantic derogation/pejoration
In general words describing women’s activities have negative meaning
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