История кибернетики
и этапы ее развития
The History and Development of Cybernetics
Objects & Processes
Knowledge Mastery
Леонардо да Винчи
Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering
Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering, cont.
Сложность
Systems Complexity
Keeping up with Developments
How to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society?
Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems
Cybernetics – an Interdisciplinary Science
What Cybernetics Looks at
Derivation of Cybernetics
Norbet Weiner
Wiener – Radar
Weiner – Radar, cont.
Feedback
Feedback – Thermostat
Thermostat Feedback Example
Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.
Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.
. . . тогда сенсор термостата снова даёт сигнал обогревателю на включение.
Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.
Обогреватель
включается
Self Regulating System
Human Body – Feedback Leading to System Regulation
Feedback – Corrective Action
Feedback – Hunger Example
Human Body and Cybernetics Studies
Homeostat
Grey Walter – Self Regulating Man and Animals
Grey Walter – Mechanical Tortoises
Grey Walter and Family
The Anatomy of Elsie
Simulating a Human’s Function
Simulating a Human’s Function
. . . но интересуется вопросом . . .
Not What Is, but What Does it Do?
Simulating Human Functions
. . . но как на . . .
Not Objects, but Processes
Designs to Help with Human Tasks
Automata
Macy Foundation Meetings
Professionals Speak Different Languages
Margaret Mead Breaks A Tooth
Meetings Calm with Common Experiences
Laying the Groundwork for Cybernetics
Prominent Early Cyberneticians
Neurophysiology, Mathematics, and Philosophy
Human Nervous System and Mathematical Equations
Cold = Hot
Neurophysiology, Mathematics and Philosophy
Abstract Ideas, Thoughts, and Concepts
Epistemology = Study of Knowledge
Knowledge – Formed in the Brain
Разум есть, по сути, место встречи между мозгом и идеей,
между физическим и абстрактным, между наукой и философией.
The Mind – The Meeting Place Between the Brain and an Idea
Experimental Epistemology
Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems
Human Brain – The Most Remarkable Regulator of All
Mind – Regulates Itself
Other Cybernetic Concepts
Law of Requisite Variety
Furnace = Simplicity
Furnace + Air Conditioner = Complexity
Humans – Most Complex Nervous System
More Complex the Animal, the More complex the Brain
Social Systems
Capability to Regulate
Regulation – Increase Complexity of Regulator and System being Regulated
Self Organizing Systems
The Line – A Self-Organizing System
Oil and Vinegar – a Self-Organizing System
Oil and Vinegar - Equilibrium
Self Organization Leads to a General Design Rule
Рассмотрим три примера . . .
Self Organization Leads to a General Design Rule
Educating Children
Educating Children, cont.
Regulation of Business by Government
Regulation of Business by Government, cont.
Regulation of Business by Government, cont.
Regulation of Business by Government, cont.
Недавние работы по клеточным автоматам, фрактальной геометрии и теории сложности могут быть осмыслены как развитие исследований
по самоорганизующимся системам, проведенных в начале 1960-х годов.
Cybernetics – how Knowledge itself is Generated
A Firmer Foundation for Regulating Larger Systems
Heinz Von Foerster
Second Order Cybernetics
Dealing with Autonomous Systems
Separating Man from the System
Separating Man from the System, cont.
Margaret Mead
Mead – Separating Man from the System
Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont.
Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont.
News Reporters – Affected by Background and Experience
Wise to Have Several People Study Complex Systems
Early Days – Cybernetics = Systems Seeking Pre-Defined Goals
Now – How Purposes are Constructed
Pursuing Goals and Purposes
Cybernetics – 1st Noted for Feedback
Human Body – Rich Example of Feedback
Studying the Human Body – Walking, Thinking, etc.
Cybernetics – Moved from Primary Concern with Machines
Da Vinci – Can we Master all Fields and Existing Knowledge?
Complexity is Observer-Dependent
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