Urban Operations: Company Offensive Operations презентация

Содержание

Outline Mechanized Infantry and Armor Capabilities/Limitations Planning Considerations for Urban Operations Offensive Operations/ Techniques BOS Considerations Lessons Learned Questions

Слайд 1Urban Operations: Company Offensive Operations
February 2006

FM 3-06.11, 2003 (Ch 2,4,7)


Слайд 2Outline
Mechanized Infantry and Armor Capabilities/Limitations
Planning Considerations for Urban Operations
Offensive Operations/ Techniques
BOS

Considerations
Lessons Learned
Questions

Слайд 3Urban Operations Defined

Urban Operations (UO) are operations planned
and conducted in an

area of operations (AO)
that includes one or more urban areas. An
urban area consists of a topographical complex
where man-made construction or high
population density is the dominant feature.

FM 3-06.11, p 1-1

Слайд 4Urban Operations
Objective lays within an urban area and cannot be bypassed.

The

urban area is key terrain.

Urban area is between two natural obstacles and cannot be bypassed.

Urban area is in the path of a general advance and cannot be surrounded or bypassed.

Political or humanitarian concerns.

Defending from urban areas.

Occupation, seizure, and control of the urban area will deny the threat control of the urban area

FM 3-06.11, p 1-1

Слайд 5UO Across the Full Spectrum
FM 3-06.11, p 1-4

Слайд 6UO Across the Full Spectrum
FM 3-06.11, p 1-5

Слайд 710 Fundamentals of UO
Perform Focused Information Operations and Aggressive ISR
Conduct

Close Combat
Avoid the Attrition Approach
Control the Essential
Minimize Collateral Damage

Separate Combatants from Noncombatants
Restore Essential Services
Preserve Critical Infrastructure
Understand the Human Dimension
Transition Control

FM 3-06.11, p 1-9 thru 1-12

Слайд 8 14 Characteristics of UO
Changing Conditions
Small-Unit Battles
Communications
Noncombatants
High Expenditure of Ammunition
Increased Casualties
Limited

Mounted Maneuver Space

Three-Dimensional Terrain
Collateral Damage
Reliance on HUMINT
Need for Combined Arms
Need to Isolate Critical Points
Snipers
Support by Fire Positions

FM 3-06.11, p 1-12 thru 1-15

Слайд 9Urban Battlespace
Airspace
Rapid Air Avenues Ofapproach
Obstacles = Poles, Wires, Etc
Supersurface
Rooftop, No

Cover
Intrasurface
Ground To Top Floor
Interior Of Buildings
Surface
Ground, Street, Or Water Level
Subsurface
Underwater
Subterranean

FM 3-06.11, p 1-15 thru 1-16

Слайд 10

Planning Considerations
Task Organization
Number of INF to secure vehicles

Fire Control planning is extensive
Fire Control measures are very restrictive
Fighting is in close proximity
Limited visibility
Extreme physical and psychological effects
ROE and Non-Combatants
Training level in Urban Terrain
Arming distance of explosive munitions
Penetration (Depth)
Hard surfaces increase ricochets
Fused munitions settings
Target range & exposure time
Backblast, concussion, SDZ.
Collateral damage/rubble/possible hazards
Building Structure
Common Language (SOPs)

COMPLEX TERRAIN

Слайд 11 The overpressure from the tank's 120mm cannon can kill a dismounted

soldier within a 90-degree arc extending from the muzzle of the gun tube out to 200 meters.



SAFETY!

Planning Considerations

Слайд 12 High-explosive 25-mm rounds arm 10 meters from the gun & explode

on contact.

APDS rounds discard their plastic sabots to the front of the gun when fired. This requires a 100-meter safety fan (17 degrees either side of the gun-target line for 100meters) to the front of 25-mm gun. This means that exposed soldiers cannot go any further forward than the end of the 25mm muzzle or must be a minimum of 100 meters from the muzzle blast.

SAFETY!



Planning Considerations

Слайд 13 FIRE CONTROL:
Use simple, clearly understood graphic control measures such as:
-Phase lines.
-Number

and lettering systems for
buildings.
-Tentative support by fire positions.
-No fire areas.

Planning Considerations

Слайд 14 Common Language


Planning Considerations

Слайд 15Five Categories of Built up Areas
VILLAGE – POPULATION = 3000 OR

LESS COMPANIES AND BATALIONS OPERATE HERE AS PART OF A BRIGADE OPERATION

TOWN – POPULATION = 3000 TO 100K
BRIGADES OPERATE HERE AS PART OF DIVISION OPERATIONS

CITY - POPULATION = 100K TO 1 MILLION

METROPOLIS - POPULATION = 1-10 MILLION

MEGALOPOLIS – POPULATION = 10 MILLION +

FM 3-06.11, p 1-2

Слайд 16Seven Urban Zones
City Core

Core Periphery
Dense Random Construction
Close Orderly Construction

Dispersed Residential Area

High

Rise Area

Industrial/Transportation Area

Permanent/Fixed Fortifications

Shantytowns

FM 3-06.11, p 2-3 thru 2-7

Слайд 17See the Terrain

Слайд 18MASS CONSTRUCTION
- Built in place using brick, block, or poured -in-

place concrete
- Walls can be prefabricated and “tilt-up” or reinforced-concrete panels
- Can be prefabricated and assembled like boxes

FRAMED CONSTRUCTION
- Supported by a skeleton of columns and beams
Usually taller than frameless buildings
- Exterior walls are not load bearing

Building Construction

FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

Слайд 19Exterior walls support the weight of the building
Additional support comes from

load bearing interior walls


BETTER PROTECTION THAN A FRAMED BUILDING

HARDER TO SUPPRESS FROM THE OUTSIDE

Principles of Mass Construction

FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

Слайд 20BRICK BUILDINGS (Most Common)

WAREHOUSE (Reinforced Concrete)

BOX WALL PRINCIPLE (Hotels or Apartments)

PUBLIC

GATHERING PLACES (Churches and Theaters)

Types of Mass Construction

FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

Слайд 21Supported By A Skeleton Of Columns And Beams
Usually Taller Than Mass

Constructed Buildings

Provides less protection than mass construction

Easier to suppress from the outside

Principles of Framed Construction

FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

Слайд 22HEAVY CLAD

LIGHT CLAD

GARAGE
Types of Framed Construction
FM 3-06.11, p 2-15 thru 2-30

Слайд 23Military vs. City Maps

Key and Decisive Terrain

Confined Spaces

Avenues of Approach

Rubbling Effects
Special

Terrain Considerations

FM 3-06.11, p 2-9 thru 2-12

Слайд 24Rain and Melting Snow
Fog
Air Inversion
Wind Chill
Light Data
Special Weather Considerations
FM 3-06.11, p

2-12

Слайд 25 Suppression: multiple machine guns, extremely high
basic loads

(11,400 7.62 rds per tank)

Unique main gun ammo capabilities (HEAT, MPAT,
SABOT, OR-MPAT)

Non-standard ‘weapons capabilities’ (Smoke grenades,
tracks, exhaust, concussion)

Protection from small arms fire for crew, serve as cover
for dismounts

Creating openings in buildings and destroying bunkers

Essentially unlimited ‘carry capacity’ compared to infantry

M1 Tank Capabilities
(1-2)

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 26
Cal. 50, cupola protection, Precision gunnery, Point
accuracy

with high penetration capability

Mounted communications platform with range much
greater than a dismount radio

NBC and riot control agent protection

Mobile protection for crossing danger areas

Ditch-crossing and vertical obstacle crossing capability


M1 Tank Capabilities
(2-2)

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 27 Vulnerable to top-down attack, & sniper fire – especially


hatches open

Limited main gun depression & elevation creates
considerable deadspace

Turret reaction time limits engagement opportunities

Excessive dead space for observation & fires, limits local
security of vehicle/crew

50 Cal. Slow/Difficult to move, obstructed by other items on
turret



M1 Tank Limitations
(1-2)

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 28 Loader must expose to fire 240, TC must expose to

fire
Cal. 50 on M1A2

Turning Radius

High logistic requirements, must leave urban environment to
conduct resupply

Can crush supporting infantry – ‘ground guides in combat?’

Difficulties with evacuation/recovery, disabled tank with crew or
casualties still on board

Commo Between vehicles and dismounts limited

M1 Tank Limitations
(2-2)

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 29Tank Considerations
Infantry is Required
Main Gun Creates fire ball and smoke
Main Gun

Overpressure
Thermal Sights
Turret Mounted Grenade Launchers
Provides Mobile Cover to Infantry
Tanks May Come With Plows

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 30 Suppressing & destroying enemy weapons &
personnel allowing

infantry to maneuver

7.62mm [400/800 rds], 25mm HE, 25mm TPT, TOW

Elevation of 25mm gun allows for suppression of roof-
tops and tall buildings (+60 of elevation, - 10 depression)

Can move additional infantry and supplies forward (CASEVAC)

Hunter/Killer capability with CIV (M2A3)

Smoke – screen infantry movement / riot control

Thermal sights (Gunner, BC and Driver)

M2 Capabilities



FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 31 When buttoned up, visibility limited by scanning techniques

Highly susceptible

to Rocket Propelled Grenade, AT Guided
Missile, & heavy machinegun fire (Without Reactive Armor)

Variety of difficulties in water crossing operations, including
the requirement for either adequate fording sites or a bridge
with sufficient weight classification.

Logistics – lower quantity of 7.62mm than M1

Can crush Infantry – SA near vehicle

Difficulties with evacuation and recovery


M2 Limitations

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 32Tank/BFV Limitations

Vehicle Dead Space
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 33M1/M2 Employment
Destroys Enemy Positions
Suppress Enemy Positions
Isolate Objectives
Breach Walls
High Angle Fires
Establish Roadblocks
Obscure

Enemy’s Vision
Evacuate Casualties

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 34Infantry Capabilities
Enter and clear subterranean areas, buildings and streets

Provide security

for armored vehicles

Provide limited breach capability

Cover dismounted avenues of approach

Eliminate resistance within a building without causing significant damage to the structure

Move with more stealth / conduct close tactical reconnaissance

Infantrymen have excellent all-round vision and can engage targets with small arms fire under almost all conditions.


FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 35Lack heavy supporting firepower, protection, and long-range mobility.
 
Are subject to taking

a high number of casualties between buildings.
 
Are more subject to fratricide-related casualties from friendly direct and indirect fire.

The pace of dismounted offensive operations is limited to the foot speed of the dismounted infantryman.



Infantry Limitations

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 36Three Conditions of UO
SURGICAL

PRECISION

HIGH INTENSITY

Слайд 37 DON’T ATTACK

CAN BYPASS
DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH COMBAT POWER
OPEN CITY
Reasons To

Attack Or Not Attack A Built Up Area

ATTACK

CAN NOT BYPASS
KEY LOCS
POLITICAL IMPORTANCE

FM 3-06.11, p 4-1

Слайд 38Characteristics Of Offensive Ops In UO
Large Number of Troops Required to:

Clear and Secure Objectives
Relieve Fatigued Soldiers on Clearing
Teams
Control and Protect Civilians
Replace and Evacuate Casualties

FM 3-06.11, p 4-2

Слайд 39Mission Analysis
What is my commander’s intent?
Seize vs. Clear?
Must I clear every

building?
Is my mission terrain or enemy oriented?
Limitations/Constraints
M-TETT-C

Слайд 40Phases of a Deliberate Urban Attack
Phase 1. Reconnoiter the Objective
Phase 2.

Move to the Objective
Phase 3. Isolate the Objective
Phase 4. Secure a Foothold
Phase 5. Clear the Objective
Phase 6. Consolidate/Reorganize
Phase 7. Prepare for Future Missions

FM 3-06.11, p 4-31

Слайд 41Company Organization for the Attack
ASSAULT
SUPPORT
RESERVE (if designated, it may do the following:)
Assume

the Msn of the Assault Element
Clearing bypassed enemy positions
Facilitate continued movement of the assault element

FM 3-06.11, p 4-42

Слайд 42Company Offensive Operations
Deliberate attack
Isolate an urban objective
Assault a building
Attack a block

or group of buildings
MTC/recon
Seizure of urban key terrain
Seize a bridge
Seize a traffic circle

FM 3-06.11, p 4-44 thru 4-56

Слайд 43Clearance Methods
SYSTEMATIC
Room to room clearing
Heavy resistance
Attack on a narrow front
Slow

process

SELECTIVE
Mission does not require all buildings cleared
Objective must be seized quickly
Light/fragmented resistance
Large open areas between buildings

Слайд 44Armor can support Infantry by:

Providing shock action and firepower

Isolating objectives

with direct fire to prevent enemy withdrawal, reinforcement, or counterattack.

Neutralizing or suppressing enemy positions with smoke, high explosive (HE), & automatic weapons fire as infantry closes with and destroys the enemy

Assisting opposed entry of infantry into buildings when doorways are blocked by debris, obstacles, or enemy fire.

Smashing through street barricades or reducing barricades by fire. Obscuring enemy observation using on-board smoke generators.

Offensive Operations

FM 3-06.11, Annex C-4

Слайд 45Armor can support Infantry by: (CONT)

Holding cleared portions of the objective

by covering avenues of approach.

Attacking by fire any other targets designated by the infantry.

Establishing roadblocks.

Suppressing identified sniper positions.

Offensive Operations

FM 3-06.11, Annex C-4

Слайд 46Offensive Operations
Infantry can support Armor by:

Providing local security during movement

in restrictive areas

Clear terrain inaccessible by Armor vehicles

Observe danger areas / call forward for attack

Destroy enemy antitank weapon systems

Augment traffic control points/Checkpoints

Infiltrate and secure ABF/SBF positions prior to Armor occupation

Conduct Reconnaissance

Handling EPWs


Слайд 47Offensive Techniques
Move tanks forward to support infantry movement. Position the tanks

before the infantry begins moving, whether the tanks are supporting by fire, being used as shields, or both.

What is wrong with this picture?

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 48Offensive Techniques
Tanks need infantry support when the two elements are working

together. Do not leave tanks alone because they are not prepared to provide local security during the operation. Tanks are extremely vulnerable to dismounted attack when operating on urban terrain.

Main Gun or COAX?

Слайд 49







Team

Ldr


Rear


Left Flank


Right Front


Left Front
















Team

Ldr


Rear


Left Flank


Right Front


Left Front
















Team

Ldr


Rear


Left Flank


Right Front


Left Front
















Team

Ldr


Rear


Left Flank


Right

Front



Left Front

















Team


Ldr



Rear



Left Flank



Right Front



Left Front

















Team Ldr




Rear



Left Flank



Right Front



Left Front









Infantry Fire Team providing Security for 1x BFV

Offensive Techniques

Слайд 50If using tanks to shield squads and teams from building to

building as part of the maneuver plan, the leader of the forward element needs to control the tanks.
2) When using tanks as a shield for infantry, move the tanks as close as possible to the start point to allow the infantry the freedom of movement when exiting the building.
3) Tanks need to move at the infantry’s rate of movement.
4) When the distance between buildings is short, tanks can position themselves to block the open area from enemy fire.


Offensive Techniques

FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 51

Offensive Techniques
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 52Armor vehicle Isolation of OBJ areas




Offensive Techniques
FM 3-06.11, Annex C

Слайд 53

Offensive Operations
Assault Element
All elements are Company Teams!!!

Слайд 54

As a reminder, the M203 has a maximum effective range

for point targets of 150 meters. The maximum effective range for area targets is 350 meters.
The M203 High-explosive dual purpose (HEDP) round will penetrates at least 5 cm (2 inches) when fired straight at steel armor. In MOUT, it will penetrate 20 inches of sand bags (double layer), 16 inches of cinder- block, and 12 inch pine logs.

Supporting Fire REDs

Both the M203 HEPD and HE rds arm between 14 and 38 meters, and cause casualties within a 5-meter radius.
The M203 Smoke/ground marking round arms between 15 and 45 meters.
(OBTW: The MK19 has a max range of 2212m and a max effective range of 1500m. It arms between 18 to 30 meters and has a casualty producing radius of 15 meters).

Слайд 55Objectives and Numbering System
Bypassing of Buildings Increases Risk
Use of Control Measures
Attack

Frontage
Attack When Visibility is Poor
Attack Formations
Use of Reserves
Reconnaissance

Maneuver

Слайд 56Tanks, BFVs, & Howitzers in the Direct Fire Role:
Support by

fire as infantry seize a foothold
CDRs must take advantage of main armament’s long range
Infantry protects vehicles flanks
Effects of Tank, BFVs, and Howitzers main gun
Armored vehicle vulnerabilities
Fire control measures (target designation and friendly identification)

Maneuver

Слайд 57The Fire Support Plan:
Effects of Artillery and Air Bombardment
Fuse and Shell

Combo Considerations
Mortars are the most responsive IDF asset
Direct Fire: Tanks, BFVs and Howitzers
FASCAM
Copperhead
Disadvantages
Employment Considerations

Fire Support

Слайд 58Artillery and Mortar DEAD SPACE
Artillery, Low Angle (5 times the height

of the building)
Mortar (1/2 times the height of the building)
Visual Description

FS - Additional Considerations



X

5X

½ X


Mortar

Artillery


Target


Слайд 59Tasks Attached Engineers are given can include:
Breach walls and obstacles with

prepared demolitions
Finding and clearing mines
Clearing barricades and rubble
Cratering roads

Mobility, Countermobility Survivability

Слайд 60Intelligence
Elevated Railways
Gas/Electric/Telephone Lines
Power Stations
Water Plants
Hospitals
Communication Sites
Fire Departments
Construction Sites
Heavy Equipment

Manufacturers

Слайд 61Logistics
Logistical Considerations
Supply Requirements
Special Equipment
Resupply Techniques
Medical

Слайд 62Command and Control
Control Measures
Leader and HQs locations
Control techniques
Communications
SOPs/Drills
FM 3-06.11, p

4-11

Слайд 643
TOP VIEW
Green
Blue
Red
Black
Building # 5
“ Sniper - Location Building 5, Red 3”
VIEW

from EAST
(3 floors)

3

1

2




3

2

1

A

B

C

“Sniper, Location - Building #5, Red,
Bravo, 3.”

2

1

3

Слайд 65Time
Tempo
Time/space relationships
More time for rehearsals
Exercising Combat Patience


FM

3-06.11, 4-10

Слайд 66Lessons Learned
Soldiers must understand their weapons
UO live fire training is critical
ROE

must be considered during the estimate
Employment of Snipers
Manpower requirements

Слайд 67Threat Tactics in UO
Varied use of conventional and unconventional forces
No single

threat doctrine will be employed
Increased use of snipers
Current threat techniques in UO

Слайд 68TTPs
Planning
Execution
Rehearsals And Training
Fratricide Prevention

Слайд 69Current threat techniques in UO
Use the population to advantage
Win the information

war
Manipulate Key Facilities
Use all dimensions
Employ urban-oriented weapons
Engage the entire force
Focus attacks on CSS and unprotected soldiers

Слайд 70Questions ?

Слайд 71Task Force Urban Offensive Operations
February 2006

FM 3-06.11, 2003 (Ch 2,4,7)


Слайд 72ISOLATES/SECURES FOOTHOLD/
CLEARS
I I
I
I
I I
SHAPE


DOMINATE

TRANSITION

MOVES TO OBJECTIVE…ISOLATES
CONSOLIDATES/REORGANIZES
PREPS FOR FUTURE MSNS
BRIGADE

MINIMIZES STREET-TO-STREET AND BUILDING-TO-BUILDING FIGHTING, ISOLATES ENEMY, STRIKES KEY TARGETS

BN TF & BELOW PERFORM
THESE TASKS

X

ASSESS


RECONS OBJECTIVE

ELEMENTS OF BDE
OFFENSIVE UO

Слайд 73Maturing Urban Operations Doctrine
ASSESS…
Determine

effects.
SHAPE… Set conditions…
Supporting efforts…
Media… Info Ops.
DOMINATE… Simultaneous
and Sequential operations.
TRANSITION… Control to
Non-military agencies.

Слайд 74Fundamentals
Focused Information Operations
Aggressive Reconnaissance
Understand the Human Dimension

Avoid Attrition Approach
Prepare for Close Combat
Control the Essential
Minimize Collateral Damage
Separate Combatants/Non-Combatants
Preserve Critical Infrastructure
Restore Essential Services
Transition Control

Слайд 75 Assess Through…
Intelligence preparation of
the battlefield… Difficult at

best…
Must be HUMINT focused.

Analysis of events and results
of previous operations.

Use of brigade recon elements.

Integration of Division sensors.

Use of National Intelligence
sources.
Information operations

Слайд 76 Shape Through...
Physical isolation using:
-- Sensors and recon

units
-- Lethal and non-lethal effects
-- Precision indirect & aerial fires
-- Maneuver forces & direct fires
-- Special Operations Forces
-- Combination of above

Psychological isolation using:
-- PSYOP units
-- Civil Affairs units
-- Coalition forces
-- Media…Information Operations

Слайд 77 Dominate Through...
Use of combined arms.

Synchronization of precision

fires to include lethal and
non-lethal effects.

Isolation of decisive points.

Use of superior combat
power to destroy high pay
off targets.

Use of close combat when
necessary against decisive pts.

Слайд 78The Offense
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE:
Surprise
Concentration
Tempo
Audacity
FORMS OF MANEUVER:
Envelopment
Turning Movement
Infiltration
Penetration
Frontal Attack
TYPES OF OFFENSIVE

OPERATIONS:
Movement to Contact
Attack
Exploitation
Pursuit

FM 3-0, p 7-4 thru 7-22

Слайд 79UO Applicable Techniques
TYPES OF UO OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS:

Movement to Contact, Search and

Attack
Attack on a Single Axis
Attack on Multiple Axes
Cordon and Attack
Fix and Bypass
Multiple Nodal Attacks

FM 3-06.11, p 4-21 thru 4-29

Слайд 80Search & Attack

Слайд 81Attack on a Single Access

Слайд 82Attack on Multiple Axes

Слайд 83Cordon & Attack

Слайд 84Fix & Bypass

Слайд 85

OBJ
A

OBJ
B
GOVERNMENT CENTER
RADIO AND TV STATION

OBJ
C


OBJ
D


TRANSPORTATION CENTER
INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX





OBJ
E


BRIDGE
AIRFIELD
BRIDGE
Multiple Nodal Attacks

Слайд 86OPERATION JUST CAUSE
ASSESS, SHAPE, DOMINATE, TRANSITION

Слайд 87 From offensive/defensive operations to
stability/support operations or vice

versa.

Return urban area to civilian control with
combat, combat support, combat service
support as required.

From being a “supported”
force to a “supporting”
force providing security
for non-governmental
organizations.

Transition

Слайд 88TYPES OF ATTACKS:
Hasty
Deliberate
Reconnoiter the Objective
Move to the Objective
Isolate the Objective
Secure a

Foothold
Clear the Objective
Consolidate & Reorganize and Prepare for Future Missions

FM 3-90.2, p. 7-23 thru 7-27

Steps of a TF UO Attack

Слайд 89 Urban combat will continue
to be a close, tough fight.



Demands combined arms teams.
Tactical situations can have strategic implications.
Significant, focused training required.

Likelihood of conducting UO is greater today
than in the past.

UO are complicated, full spectrum OPs with transitions.

US must leverage doctrine & new technologies.. non-lethal…digitization…sensors

Summary

Слайд 90Questions ?

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