LEXICOLOGY COURSE
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Word structure and word formation. (Lecture 4) презентация
Содержание
- 1. Word structure and word formation. (Lecture 4)
- 2. The questions under consideration 1. Morpheme.
- 3. Word-formation (definition) Word-formation is the branch of
- 4. Word-formation is studied synchronically Scholars
- 5. 1. Morpheme. Allomorph The smallest unit of
- 6. Examples of morphemes BUILD+ER build (with the
- 7. simple words vs complex words and
- 8. morphemes are two-facet language units A morpheme
- 9. Structure of morphemes free morpheme
- 10. allomorphs (from Greek allos "other") All
- 11. Examples of allomorphs an orange, an accent,
- 12. 2. Word Structure Words that can be
- 13. Word Structure A root constitutes the core
- 14. Examples of word structure un-work-able govern-ment fright-en-ing
- 15. A base A base is the
- 16. suffixes vs inflections Suffixes can form
- 17. Four structural types of words in English
- 18. Two main types of word-formation word-derivation
- 19. 3. Immediate Constituents Analysis (L. Bloomfield)
- 20. Ungentlemanly 1.un— + gentlemanly 2.
- 21. eatable uneatable The adjective eatable consists of
- 22. 4. Affixation is a basic means of
- 23. classification of suffixes their origin
- 24. according to their origin: Romanic (e.g. -age,
- 25. according to their meaning : -er denotes
- 26. according to their part of speech they
- 27. according to their productivity : What is
- 28. Classification of Prefixes their origin meaning productivity
- 29. according to their origin: Native, e.g.
- 30. according to meaning negative prefixes in-, un-,
- 31. according to productivity What is productivity?
- 32. 5. Conversion (definition) It is a kind
- 33. Examples of coversion He was knocked out
- 34. Conversion Prof. Smirnitsky A. I. in his
- 35. The three most common types of conversion
- 36. Less common types of conversion nouns
- 37. Verbs converted from nouns instrumental use
- 38. Nouns converted from verbs instance of
- 39. 6.Word-Composition Word-composition is the combination of two
- 40. Word-Composition In most compounds the rightmost morpheme
- 41. 6.1. Properties of compounds How can compounds
- 42. endocentric compounds If a compound denotes
- 43. exocentric compounds If the meaning of
- 44. Classification of compounds according to the principle
- 45. Classification of compounds according to the principle
- 46. 7. Other Types of Word Formation
- 47. Other Types of Word Formation blending: these
- 48. Other Types of Word Formation acronymy: NATO,
- 49. Other Types of Word Formation onomatopoeia, i.e.
The questions under consideration 1. Morpheme. Allomorph 2. Word Structure 3. Immediate Constituents Analysis 4. Affixation 5. Conversion 6. Word-Composition 6.1. Properties of compounds 7. Other Types of Word Formation
Слайд 1LECTURE 4 WORD STRUCTURE AND WORD FORMATION www.philology.bsu.by/кафедры/кафедра английского языкознания/учебные материалы/кафедра английского языкознания/папки
преподавателей/Толстоухова В.Ф.
Слайд 2The questions under consideration
1. Morpheme. Allomorph
2. Word Structure
3. Immediate Constituents Analysis
4.
Affixation
5. Conversion
6. Word-Composition
6.1. Properties of compounds
7. Other Types of Word Formation
5. Conversion
6. Word-Composition
6.1. Properties of compounds
7. Other Types of Word Formation
Слайд 3Word-formation (definition)
Word-formation is the branch of lexicology that studies
the derivative
structure of existing words and
the patterns on which a language builds new words.
It is a certain principle of classification of lexicon and
one of the main ways of enriching the vocabulary.
the patterns on which a language builds new words.
It is a certain principle of classification of lexicon and
one of the main ways of enriching the vocabulary.
Слайд 4Word-formation is studied
synchronically
Scholars investigate the existing system of the types
of word-formation
Diachronically
Scholars investigate the history of word-formation
Слайд 51. Morpheme. Allomorph
The smallest unit of language that carries information about
meaning or function is the morpheme.
(Greek morphe "form"
+ -eme "the smallest distinctive unit")
(Greek morphe "form"
+ -eme "the smallest distinctive unit")
Слайд 6Examples of morphemes
BUILD+ER
build (with the meaning of "construct")
-er (which indicates that
the entire word functions as a noun with the meaning "one who builds").
HOUSE+S
house (with the meaning of "dwelling")
-s (with the meaning "more than one")
HOUSE+S
house (with the meaning of "dwelling")
-s (with the meaning "more than one")
Слайд 7simple words vs complex words
and
boy — boy-s
hunt — hunt-er
—hunt-er-s
act act-ive — act-iv-ate ––re-act-iv-ate
Simple words cannot be divided into smaller parts. Complex words contain two or more morphemes.
act act-ive — act-iv-ate ––re-act-iv-ate
Simple words cannot be divided into smaller parts. Complex words contain two or more morphemes.
Слайд 8morphemes are two-facet language units
A morpheme is a meaning and a
stretch of sound joined together.
It is the minimum meaningful language unit.
It is the minimum meaningful language unit.
Слайд 9Structure of morphemes
free morpheme
(can be a word by itself,
coincides with the stem or a word-form)
bound morpheme
(must be attached to another element,
only can be a part of a word )
Слайд 10allomorphs (from Greek allos "other")
All the representatives of the given
morpheme are called allomorphs of that morpheme.
An allomorph is a positional variant of that or this morpheme occurring in a specific environment.
An allomorph is a positional variant of that or this morpheme occurring in a specific environment.
Слайд 11Examples of allomorphs
an orange, an accent, a car
cats, dogs, judges
(the plural morpheme –s)
assert /assert-ion, permit/permiss-ive, include/inclus-ive, electric/electric-ity, impress/impress-ion
assert /assert-ion, permit/permiss-ive, include/inclus-ive, electric/electric-ity, impress/impress-ion
Слайд 122. Word Structure
Words that can be divided have two or more
parts:
a root
affixes (a prefix, a suffix )
inflection
a root
affixes (a prefix, a suffix )
inflection
Слайд 13Word Structure
A root constitutes the core of the word and carries
the major component of its meaning. It has more specific and definite meaning
Affixes are morphemes that modify the meaning of the root. An affix added before the root is called a prefix (un-ending); an affix added after the root is called a suffix (kind-ness).
Affixes are morphemes that modify the meaning of the root. An affix added before the root is called a prefix (un-ending); an affix added after the root is called a suffix (kind-ness).
Слайд 14Examples of word structure
un-work-able
govern-ment
fright-en-ing
re-play
A word may have one or more affixes
of either kind, or several of both kinds.
Слайд 15A base
A base is the form to which an affix
is added. In many cases, the base is also the root. In other cases, however, the base can be larger than a root.
Blackened
Blacken (verbal base) +ed
Blacken
Black (not only the root for the entire word but also the base for) +en
Blackened
Blacken (verbal base) +ed
Blacken
Black (not only the root for the entire word but also the base for) +en
Слайд 16suffixes vs inflections
Suffixes can form a new part of speech,
e.g.: beauty — beautiful. They can also change the meaning of the root, e.g.: black — blackish.
Inflections are morphemes used to change grammar forms of the word, e.g.: work — works — worked—working. English is not a highly inflected language.
Inflections are morphemes used to change grammar forms of the word, e.g.: work — works — worked—working. English is not a highly inflected language.
Слайд 17Four structural types of words in English
simple (root) words consist
of one root morpheme and an inflexion (boy, warm, law, tables, tenth);
derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion (unmanageable, lawful);
compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion (boyfriend, outlaw);
compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion (left-handed, warm-hearted, blue-eyed).
derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion (unmanageable, lawful);
compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion (boyfriend, outlaw);
compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion (left-handed, warm-hearted, blue-eyed).
Слайд 18Two main types of word-formation
word-derivation (encouragement, irresistible, worker)
Subdivided into
Affixation
Conversion
Derivational Composition
word-composition (blackboard, daydream, weekend)
Subdivided into
Derivational Composition
Слайд 193. Immediate Constituents Analysis (L. Bloomfield)
Why is it used? (to
discover the derivational structure of lexical units).
How? First we separate a free and a bound forms. At any level we obtain only two ICs.
How? First we separate a free and a bound forms. At any level we obtain only two ICs.
Слайд 20Ungentlemanly
1.un— + gentlemanly
2. gentleman + -ly
3. gentle + man
4.
as a result, un + (gentle + man) + ly
Слайд 21eatable uneatable
The adjective eatable consists of two ICs eat + able
and may be described as a suffixal derivative
the adjective uneatable is a prefixal derivative (the two ICs are un + eatable)
Слайд 224. Affixation
is a basic means of forming words
suffixation
is characteristic of
noun and adjective formation
does not only modify the lexical meaning of the stem,
but transfers the word to another part of speech care (n) / care — less (adj).
does not only modify the lexical meaning of the stem,
but transfers the word to another part of speech care (n) / care — less (adj).
prefixation
is typical of verb formation
modifies the lexical meaning of stems
joins the part of speech the unprefixed word belongs to, e.g. usual /un — usual.
Слайд 24according to their origin:
Romanic (e.g. -age, -ment, -tion),
Native (-er, -dom,
-ship),
Greek (-ism, -ize), etc
Greek (-ism, -ize), etc
Слайд 25according to their meaning :
-er denotes the agent of the action,
-ess denotes feminine gender,
-ence/ance has abstract meaning,
-age, -dom — collectivity
Слайд 26according to their part of speech they form :
noun suffixes -er,
-ness, -ment;
adjective-forming suffixes -ish, -ful, -less, -y;
verb-suffixes -en, -fy,
adjective-forming suffixes -ish, -ful, -less, -y;
verb-suffixes -en, -fy,
Слайд 27according to their productivity :
What is productivity? It is the relative
freedom with which they can combine with bases of the appropriate category
productive suffixes are -er, -ly, -ness, -ie, -let,
non-productive (-dom, -th)
semi-productive (-eer, -ward).
productive suffixes are -er, -ly, -ness, -ie, -let,
non-productive (-dom, -th)
semi-productive (-eer, -ward).
Слайд 30according to meaning
negative prefixes in-, un-, поп-, a-, dis-; prefixes of
time and order ex-, neo-, after-, fore-, post-, proto-;
prefix of repetition re-;
size and degree: hyper-, mega-, mini-, super-, sur-, ultra-, vice-, etc
prefix of repetition re-;
size and degree: hyper-, mega-, mini-, super-, sur-, ultra-, vice-, etc
Слайд 31according to productivity
What is productivity? It is the ability to
make new words:
e.g. un- is highly productive.
e.g. un- is highly productive.
Слайд 325. Conversion (definition)
It is a kind of word formation.
The process of
making new parts of speech without the addition of an affix.
It is a productive way of forming words in English.
It is sometimes called zero derivation.
It is a productive way of forming words in English.
It is sometimes called zero derivation.
Слайд 33Examples of coversion
He was knocked out in the first round.
Round
the number off to the nearest tenth.
The neighbors gathered round our barbecue.
The moon was bright and round.
People came from all the country round.
The neighbors gathered round our barbecue.
The moon was bright and round.
People came from all the country round.
Слайд 34Conversion
Prof. Smirnitsky A. I. in his works on the English language
treats conversion as a morphological way of forming words.
Other linguists (H. Marchand, V.N. Yartseva, Yu.A. Zhluktenko, A.Y. Zagoruiko, I.V. Arnold) treat conversion as a combined morphological and syntactic way of word-building, as a new word appears not in isolation but in a definite environment of other words.
Other linguists (H. Marchand, V.N. Yartseva, Yu.A. Zhluktenko, A.Y. Zagoruiko, I.V. Arnold) treat conversion as a combined morphological and syntactic way of word-building, as a new word appears not in isolation but in a definite environment of other words.
Слайд 35The three most common types of conversion
verbs derived from nouns
(to butter, to ship),
nouns derived from verbs (a survey, a call),
verbs derived from adjectives (to empty).
nouns derived from verbs (a survey, a call),
verbs derived from adjectives (to empty).
Слайд 36Less common types of conversion
nouns from:
adjectives (a bitter, the
poor, a final),
from phrases, e.g. a down-and-out,
verbs from prepositions (up the price, out e.g. diplomats were outed from the country; Truth will out. - Истина станет известной)
from phrases, e.g. a down-and-out,
verbs from prepositions (up the price, out e.g. diplomats were outed from the country; Truth will out. - Истина станет известной)
Слайд 37Verbs converted from nouns
instrumental use of the object, e.g. screw
— to screw, eye — to eye;
action characteristic of the object, e.g. ape — to ape;
acquisition: fish — to fish;
deprivation of the object, e.g. dust — to dust
action characteristic of the object, e.g. ape — to ape;
acquisition: fish — to fish;
deprivation of the object, e.g. dust — to dust
Слайд 38Nouns converted from verbs
instance of an action, e.g. to move
— a move;
word — agent of an action, e.g. to bore — a bore;
place of an action, e.g. to walk — a walk;
result of the action, e.g. to cut — a cut
word — agent of an action, e.g. to bore — a bore;
place of an action, e.g. to walk — a walk;
result of the action, e.g. to cut — a cut
Слайд 396.Word-Composition
Word-composition is the combination of two or more existing words to
create a new word
e.g. campsite (N+N), bluebird (A+N), whitewash (A+V), in-laws (P+N), jumpsuit (V+N).
e.g. campsite (N+N), bluebird (A+N), whitewash (A+V), in-laws (P+N), jumpsuit (V+N).
Слайд 40Word-Composition
In most compounds the rightmost morpheme determines the category of the
entire word,
e.g. greenhouse is a noun because its rightmost component is a noun, spoonfeed is a verb because feed also belongs to this category, and
nationwide is an adjective just as wide is.
e.g. greenhouse is a noun because its rightmost component is a noun, spoonfeed is a verb because feed also belongs to this category, and
nationwide is an adjective just as wide is.
Слайд 416.1. Properties of compounds
How can compounds in English be written? -
Differently:
as single words,
with an intervening hyphen,
as separate words.
as single words,
with an intervening hyphen,
as separate words.
Слайд 42endocentric compounds
If a compound denotes a subtype of the concept
denoted by its head it is called endocentric.
Thus, cat food is a type of food, sky blue is a type of blue
airplane, steamboat, policeman, bathtowel
Thus, cat food is a type of food, sky blue is a type of blue
airplane, steamboat, policeman, bathtowel
Слайд 43exocentric compounds
If the meaning of the compound does not follow
from the meanings of its parts it is said to be exocentric
e.g. redneck is a person and not a type of neck;
walkman is a type of portable radio.
e.g. redneck is a person and not a type of neck;
walkman is a type of portable radio.
Слайд 44Classification of compounds according to the principle
1) of the parts
of speech compound words represent:
nouns: night-gown, waterfall, looking-glass;
verbs: to honeymoon, to outgrow;
adjectives: peace-loving, hard-working, pennywise;
adverbs: downstairs, lip-deep;
prepositions: within, into, onto;
numerals: thirty-seven;
nouns: night-gown, waterfall, looking-glass;
verbs: to honeymoon, to outgrow;
adjectives: peace-loving, hard-working, pennywise;
adverbs: downstairs, lip-deep;
prepositions: within, into, onto;
numerals: thirty-seven;
Слайд 45Classification of compounds according to the principle
2.of the means of composition
used to link the two ICs together:
neutral — formed by joining together two stems without connecting elements (juxtaposition), e.g. scarecrow, goldfish, crybaby;
morphological — components are joined by a linking element, i.e. vowels ‘o’ and ‘i’ or the consonant ‘s’, e.g. videophone, tragicomic, handicraft, craftsman, microchip;
syntactical — the components are joined by means of form-word stems, e.g. man-of-war, forget-me-not, bread-and-butter, face-to-face;
neutral — formed by joining together two stems without connecting elements (juxtaposition), e.g. scarecrow, goldfish, crybaby;
morphological — components are joined by a linking element, i.e. vowels ‘o’ and ‘i’ or the consonant ‘s’, e.g. videophone, tragicomic, handicraft, craftsman, microchip;
syntactical — the components are joined by means of form-word stems, e.g. man-of-war, forget-me-not, bread-and-butter, face-to-face;
Слайд 467. Other Types of Word Formation
back-formation or disaffixation (baby-sitter —
to baby-sit). Back-formation is a process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another word in the language.
sound interchange (speak — speech, blood — bleed), and sound imitation (walkie-talkie, brag rags, to giggle);
distinctive change ('conduct — to con 'duct, 'increase — to in crease, 'subject — to subject);
sound interchange (speak — speech, blood — bleed), and sound imitation (walkie-talkie, brag rags, to giggle);
distinctive change ('conduct — to con 'duct, 'increase — to in crease, 'subject — to subject);
Слайд 47Other Types of Word Formation
blending: these are words that are created
from parts of two already existing items, usually the first part of one and the final part of the other:
brunch from breakfast and lunch,
smog from smoke and fog
clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables: prof for professor, burger for hamburger.
brunch from breakfast and lunch,
smog from smoke and fog
clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables: prof for professor, burger for hamburger.
Слайд 48Other Types of Word Formation
acronymy: NATO, NASA, WAC, UNESCO. Acronyms are
formed by taking the initial letters of the words in a phrase and pronouncing them as a word. (names of organizations and in terminology).
NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NA TO — North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NA TO — North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Слайд 49Other Types of Word Formation
onomatopoeia, i.e. formations of words from sounds
that resemble those associated with the object or action to be named, or that seem suggestive of its qualities.
e.g. hiss, buzz, meow, cock-a-doodle-doo, and cuckoo
e.g. hiss, buzz, meow, cock-a-doodle-doo, and cuckoo
